-

Öz

The article describes the basics of the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen and the factors which influence this process. Literature data and our own research found that the following factors influence synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen of ruminants: dry matter intake, the role of nitrogen compounds, energy supply from fermentative (enzymic) processes in the rumen, correlation of rough forage to concentrates in feed, environment of the rumen (pH), the rate of passage of forage masses and the duration of presence of forage masses in the rumen, and the role of the vitamins and minerals. A l l these factors have a direct effect on the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. Therefore, in this article each factor has separate discussion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rumen, proteolysis, microbial protein, bacterial mass, infusoriums

RUMENDE MİKROBİYEL PROTEİN SENTEZİ VE BU SÜREÇ ÜZERİNE ÇEŞİTLİ FAKTÖRLERİN ETKİSİ

Öz

Bu makalede rumende mikrobiyel protein sentezinin temelleri ve bu işlemleri etkileyen faktörler tanımlanmaktadır. Literatür bildirimleri ve kendi yürüttüğümüz araştırmaların sonuçları, aşağıda sıralanan faktörlerin ruminantlarda rumendeki mikrobiyel protein sentezini etkilediğini göstermektedir: alınan kuru madde miktarı, nitrojen bileşiklerinin rolü, rumendeki fermentatif (enzimatik) işlemlerden sağlanan enerji, kaba ve konsantre yem arası ilişki, rumen pH'sı, yem geçiş hızı ve yemin rumende bekleme süresi, vitamin ve minerallerin rolü. Tüm bu faktörler rumende mikrobiyel protein sentezi üzerine direkt etkilidirler. Dolayısı ile her bir faktör ayrı olarak ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rumen, proteolisis, mikrobiyel protein, bakteriyel kütle, infüzorya

Kaynakça

1. A F R C , 1992. Agricultural and Food Research Council, Technical committee on responses to nutrients, Report No 9. Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals: protein. Nutrition Abstracts Reviews Serie B, 62 pp. 787-835.
2. Aliyev, A.A., 1997. Metabolism in ruminants. Moscow, RSC Engineer, pp. 54-121.
3. Aliyeva, Z.M., 1988. Digestion of dry matter, hydrolysable carbohydrates and crude ash in the gastro-intestinal tract of cows. Borovsk 35, 86¬
4. A R C , 1984. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Suppl.1. CAB, Slough, pp.45.
5. Bach, A., Calsamiglia, S., Stern, M.D., 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 88 (Supplement) E9-E21.
6. Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Devant M., 2002. Effects of pH and pH fluctuations on microbial fermentation and nutrient flow from a dual-flow continuous culture system. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 574-579.
7. Clark, J.H., Klusmeyer, T.H., Cameron, M.R., 1992. Microbial protein synthesis and flow of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 75, 2304-2323.
8. Djouvinov, D.S., Todorov., N.A., 1994. Influence of dry matter intake and passage rate on microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 48, 289-304.

9. G F E , 2001. Empfehlungen zurenergie-undnahr Stoffversorgung der Milchkuhe und Aufzuchtrinder. DLG Verlags-GmbH, Frankfurt / Main, pp. 136.
10. Hoover, W.H., Stokes, S.R., 1991. Various factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3630-3645.
11. Iskenderov, T.B., 1992. Absorption of amino acids in heifers due to the physical form of feed intake, Abstract of dissertation. Borovsk 90, 32.
12. Korshunov, V.N., Kurilov N.V., 1985. Biosynthesis of microbial protein in the rumen of cows depending on the quality of the protein. Borovsk 30, 71-74.
13. Korshunov, V.N., 1989. The use of nitrogen in lactating cows depending on the protein quality. Borovsk 36, 23-30.
14. Kurilov, N.V., 1989. New in the evaluation of protein forage and protein regulation in ruminant's nutrition. Borovsk 36, 8-23.
15. Loginov, G.B., 1988. Availability of amino acids in the diets of cows with different ratios of concentrates and grass pellets. Borovsk 35, 86¬
16. Nocek, J . E . , Russell, J.B., 1988. Optimizing starch concentrations in dairy rations. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 2070-2107.
17. NRC, 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle (7 t h Ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, Academic Press, London, pp. 175.
18. Stern, M.D., Bach, A., Calsamiglia, S., 2006. New concepts in protein nutrition of ruminants. 2 1 s t
19. Animal Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, February 23-24, Tempe, Arizona, pp. 45-76. Veth, M.J., Kolver, E.S., 2001. Diurnal variation pH reduces digestion and synthesis of microbial protein when pasture is fermented in continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 2066¬ 20