Effects of Bisphenol A and Diethylstilbestrol on the Involution of Bursa of Fabricius in the Hens

Öz

ABSTRACT

The bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ in birds responsible for B lymphocyte maturation. Sex steroid hormones influence regression of the bursa of Fabricius. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic chemical that is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of BPA on the involution of bursa of Fabricius in the adult hens. The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) was used as a positive control. The test compounds were injected into the yolk of embryonated eggs. Immunohistochemical procedure performed to determine estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression in bursa of Fabricius. In high dose BPA (134 µg/g egg) and DES (0.2 µg/g egg) groups, the bursa somatic index, the number and diameter of the follicles in bursa of Fabricius were statistically decreased compared to control and low dose BPA (67 µg/g egg) and DES
(0.02 µg/g egg) groups (P<0.05). There were no specific immune reactions for ERα in bursa of Fabricius in all groups. These results suggest that embryonic exposure to BPA and DES induced the regression of the bursa of Fabricius in hens.

Key Words: Bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES), bursa Fabricius, hen, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)

 

 

ÖZET

 

TAVUKLARDA BİSFENOL A VE DİETİLSTİLBESTROL'ÜN BURSA FABRİCİUS'UN İNVOLUSYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

 

Bursa Fabricius kuşlarda B lenfositlerin olgunlaşmasından sorumlu primer (birincil) lenfoid organdır. Seks steroid hormonları bursa Fabricius'un gerilemesini etkiler. Bisfenol A (BPA), plastik ve epoksi reçine üretiminde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir östrojenik bir kimyasaldır. Bu çalışma, BPA'nın ergin tavuklarda bursa Fabricius'un involusyonu üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. Pozitif kontrol olarak sentetik östrojen olan dietilstilbestrol (DES) kullanıldı. Test bileşikleri embriyolu yumurta sarısının içine enjekte edildi. Bursa Fabricius'da östrojen alfa reseptörü (ÖRα) ekspresyonunu belirlemek için immunohistokimyasal yöntem kullanıldı. Yüksek doz BPA (134 mg/g yumurta) ve DES (0,2 mg/g yumurta) gruplarında, bursa somatik indeks, bursa Fabricius'un follikül sayısı ve çapı, kontrol ve düşük doz BPA (67 µg/g yumurta) ve DES (0,02 µg/g/ yumurta) gruplarına göre istatistiksel olarak azalmıştı (P<0,05). Tüm gruplarda bursa Fabricius'da spesifik ÖRα immun reaksiyon yoktu. Bu sonuçlar, embriyonik dönemde BPA ve DES'e maruz kalan tavuklarda bursa Fabricius'un gerilemesini indüklediğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bisfenol A (BPA), dietilstilbestrol (DES), bursa Fabricius, tavuk, östrojen reseptör alfa (ÖRα)

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bisfenol A (BPA), dietilstilbestrol (DES), bursa Fabricius, tavuk, östrojen reseptör alfa (ÖRα)

-

Öz

The bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ in birds responsible for B lymphocyte maturation. Sex steroid hormones influence regression of the bursa of Fabricius. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogenic chemical that is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of BPA on the involution of bursa of Fabricius in the adult hens. The synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) was used as a positive control. The test compounds were injected into the yolk of embryonated eggs. Immunohistochemical procedure performed to determine estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) expression in bursa of Fabricius. In high dose BPA (134 µg/g egg) and DES (0.2 µg/g egg) groups, the bursa somatic index, the number and diameter of the follicles in bursa of Fabricius were statistically decreased compared to control and low dose BPA (67 µg/g egg) and DES (0.02 µg/g egg) groups (P<0.05). There were no specific immune reactions for ERα in bursa of Fabricius in all groups. These results suggest that embryonic exposure to BPA and DES induced the regression of the bursa of Fabricius in hens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES), bursa Fabricius, hen, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)

Kaynakça

1. Al-Afaleq, A.I., Homeida, A.M., 1998. Effects of low doses of oestradiol, testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone on the immune response of broiler chicks. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 20, 315-327.
2. Ansar, A.S., 2000. The immune system as a potential target for environmental estrogens (endocrine disrupters): A new emerging field. Toxicology 150 (1-3), 191-206.
3. Bacha, W.J., Bacha, L.M., 2006. Color atlas of veterinary histology. 2 nd edition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, USA.
4. Berg, C., Halldin, K., Brunstrom, B., 2001. Effects of bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A on sex organ development in quail and chicken embryos. Environmental Toxicology 20, 282628
5. Colborn, T., Saal, F.S., Soto, A.M., 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101, 3783
6. Crossmon, G., 1937. A modification of Mallory’s connective tissue stain with a discussion of the principles involved. The Anatomical Record 69, 33Dongmei, L., Ruiping, S., Junzhen, J.I.A., Lili, C., Jiande, W., Tianlong, L., Yanxin, H., Qiong, W., 200 Effect of bisphenol-a on histomorphology of central immune organ of chick embryos. Science Technology Review 26 (6), 42-49.
7. Fairbrother, A., Smits, J., Grasman, K.A., 2004. Avian immunotoxicology. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health B 7, 105-1
8. Fry, D.M., 1995. Reproductive effects in birds exposed to pesticides and industrial chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 1651

9. Furuya, M., Adachi, K., Kuwahara, S., Ogawa, K., Tsukamoto, Y., 2006. Inhibition of male chick phenotypes and spermatogenesis by BisphenolA. Life Sciences 78, 1767-1776.
10. Gildersleeve, R.P., Tilson, H.A., Mitchell, C.L., 19 Injection of diethylstilbestrol on the first day of incubation affects morphology of sex glands and reproductive behavior of Japanese quail. Teratology 131 (1), 101-109. Glick, B., Chang, T.S., Jaap, R.G., 1956. The bursa of Fabricius and antibody production. Poultry Science 35, 224-225.
11. Gülmez, N., Aslan, Ş., 1999. Histological and histometrical investigations on bursa of Fabricius and Thymus of Native Geese. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science 23 (2), 163-171.
12. Halldin, K., Berg, C., Bergman, A., Brandt, I., Brunström, B., 2001. Distribution of bisphenol A and tetrabromobisphenol A in quail eggs, embryos and laying birds and studies on reproduction variables in adults following in ovo exposure. Archives of Toxicology 75 (10), 597-60
13. Kondo, Y., Goto, C., Abe, A., 2004. Effects of estrogen treatment during the embryogenic period on chick antibody production. The Journal of Poultry Science 41, 85-93.
14. Kurosawa, T., Hiroi, H., Tsutsumi, O., Ishikawa, T., Osuga, Y., Fujiwara, T., Inoue, S., Muramatsu, M., Momoeda, M., Taketeni, T., 200 The activity of bisphenol A depends on both the estrogen receptor subtype and the cell type. Endocrine Journal 49 (4), 465-471. Lintelmann, J., Katayama, A., Kurıhara, N., Shore, L., Wenzel, A., 2003. Endocrine disruptors in the environment. Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, 631-681. Markey, C.M., Rubin, B.S., Soto, A.M., Sonnenschein, C., 2003. Endocrine disruptors from wingspread to environmental developmental biology. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 83, 2442
15. Miao, S., Kou, Z., Gao, Z., 2009. Effect of bisphenol A on the structure of organs and the expression of some cytokines in rats. Journal of Hygiene Research 38 (1), 11-14.
16. Naukkarinen, A., Sorvari, T.E., 1984. Involution of the chicken bursa of Fabricius: A light microscopic study with special reference to transport of colloidal carbon in the involuting bursa. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 35 (3), 281-2
17. Norton, J.M., Wirain, C.R., 1977. Dose-related effects of the sex hormones and cortisol on the growth of the bursa of Fabricius in chick embryos. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 8 (9), 985-9
18. Piskin, A., Kaplan, S., Aktaş, A., Ayyildiz, M., Raimondo, S., Aliç, T., Bozkurt, H.H., Geuna, S., 2009. Platelet gel does not improve peripheral nerve regeneration: An electrophysiological, stereological, and electron microscopic study. Microsurgery 29 (2), 144-53.
19. Quinn, M.J., McKernan, M., Lavoie, E.T., Ottinger, M.A., 2009. Effects of estradiol on the development of the bursa of Fabricius in Japanese quail. The Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A. Ecological Genetics and Physiology 311 (2), 91-95.
20. Razia, S., Maegawa, Y., Tamotsu, S., Oishi, T., 2006. Histological changes in immune and endocrine organs of quail embryos: exposure to estrogen and nonylphenol. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 65, 364-371.
21. Razia, S., Soda, K., Yasuda, K., Tamotsu, S., Oishi, T., 2005. Effects of estrogen (17 beta-estradiol) and p-nonylphenol on the development of immune organs in male Japanese quail. Environmental Sciences 12, 99-110.
22. Sheng, C., Ronald, S.G., 2000. Expression of estrogen receptors in the dorsal root ganglia of the chick. Brain Research 882, 236-240.
23. Shin, Y.H., Takagi, F., Sugita, S., Han, S., Tsuji, T., Abe, A., Kondo, Y., 2005. Evidence for estrogen receptor expression in the bursal epithelial cells of chicks. Animal Science Journal 76, 255-259.
24. Staples, C.A., Dorn, P.B., Klecka, G.M., O’Block, S.T., Haris, L.R., 1998. A review of the environmental fate, effects and exposures of bisphenol a. Chemosphere 36, 2149-2173.
25. Sullivan, D.A., Wira, C., 1979. Sex hormone and glucocorticoid receptors in the bursa of Fabricius of immature chicks. The Journal of Immunology 122, 2617-2623.
26. Tanyolaç, A., 1999. Özel Histoloji. Yorum Basım Yayın Sanayi Şirketi, Ankara.
27. Welshons, W.V., Thayer, K.A., Judy, B.M., Taylor, J.A., Curran, E.M., vomSaal F.S., 2003. Large effects from small exposures. I. Mechanisms for endocrine-disrupting chemicals with estrogenic activity. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 994-1006.
28. Yamamoto, T., Yasuhara, A., 1999. Quantities of bisphenol A leached from plastic waste samples. Chemosphere 38, 2569-2576.
29. Yigit, F., Daglioglu, S., 2010. Histological changes in the uterus of the hens after embryonic exposure to bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol. Protoplasma 247 (1-2), 57-63.
30. Ylikomi, T., Tuohimaa, P., 1989. Sex steroid sensitivity of developing bursa of Fabricius. International Journal of Developmental Biology 33, 135-140.
31. Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., Li, X., Sai, T., Yanagisawa, R., Takano, H., Taneda, S., Hayashi, H., Mori, Y., 2004. Prenatal exposure to bisphenol A up-regulates immune responses, including T helper 1 and T helper 2 responses, in mice. Immunology 112, 489-495.
32. Yoshimura, Y., Tamura, Y., Nishikori, M., Okamoto, T., 2000. Effects of diethylstilbestrol intake during growing phase on the reproductive organs in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). The Journal of Poultry Science 37, 323-333.