-

Öz

Ducklings are among the most sensitive avian species to the toxic effects of aflatoxin В1 (AFB1). In this experiment, the toxic effects of AFB1 on liver morphology, blood plasma aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), albumin, blood glucose, and plasma total protein (TP) were established in mulard ducks. The experiment was carried out with four groups of 20 10-day-old ducklings each. Each group included three subgroups with 10 birds. The groups were as followed: group І – control (which received standard feed according to the species and age), group ІІ – experimental, which received compound feed with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1, group ІІI– receiving compound feed supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg AFB1 and group IV – compound feed supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 2g/kg Mycotox NG. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Macroscopically, livers were enlarged, rounded, with yellowish colour and a frail consistency in group ІІ and ІІI. Histopathologically, a various extent of dystrophy was detected depending on the dose of ingested toxin. The supplementation of compound feed with the mycosorbent Mycotox NG improved deviations in blood biochemical parameters and substantially reduced the severity and prevalence of histological lesions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aflatoxicosis, toxicity, duckling, liver damage, mycosorbent (Mycotox NG)

Investigations on Liver Function in Mulards with Experimentally Induced Aflatoxicosis

Öz

ABSTRACT

Ducklings are among the most sensitive avian species to the toxic effects of aflatoxin Ð’1 (AFB1). In this experiment, the toxic effects of AFB1 on liver morphology, blood plasma aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), albumin, blood glucose, and plasma total protein (TP) were established in mulard ducks. The experiment was carried out with four groups of 20 10-day-old ducklings each. Each group included three subgroups with 10 birds. The groups were as followed: group І – control (which received standard feed according to the species and age), group ІІ – experimental, which received compound feed with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1, group ІІI– receiving compound feed supplemented with 0.8 mg/kg AFB1 and group IV – compound feed supplemented with 0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 2g/kg Mycotox NG. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Macroscopically, livers were enlarged, rounded, with yellowish colour and a frail consistency in group ІІ and ІІI. Histopathologically, a various extent of dystrophy was detected depending on the dose of ingested toxin. The supplementation of compound feed with the mycosorbent Mycotox NG improved deviations in blood biochemical parameters and substantially reduced the severity and prevalence of histological lesions.

Key Words: Aflatoxicosis, toxicity, duckling, liver damage, mycosorbent (Mycotox NG)

 

 

ÖZET

AFLATOKSİKOZİS İLE DENEYSEL OLARAK UYARILMIŞ MULARDLARDA KARACİĞER FONKSİYONLARI ÜZERİNE İNCELEMELER

Kanatlılarda aflatoksin Ð’1 (AFB1)'in toksik etkilerine en hassas olan ördek yavrularıdır. Bu çalışmada mulard ördeklerde AFB1'in karaciğer morfolojisi, plazma aspartat amino-transferaz (AST), alanin amino-transferaz (ALT), alkalin phosphataz (ALP), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), γ-glutamiltransferaz (γ-GT), albümin, kan glukoz, ve plazma total protein (TP) üzerine toksik etkileri incelenmiştir. Deney 20 adet 10 günlük yaştaki ördek yavrularından 4 grup ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her grupta 10 ördekten oluşan 3 alt grup bulunmaktadır. Grupların oluşturulmasında; grup І – kontrol (türe ve yaşa göre standart olan başlangıç yemi verilmiştir), grup ІІ – deneysel, 0,5 mg/kg AFB1 içeren yem verilmiştir, grup ІІI–0,8 mg/kg AFB1 içeren yem verilmiştir ve grup IV – yeme 0,5 mg/kg AFB1 ve 2 g/kg Mycotox NG katılmıştır. Deney 42 gün sürmüştür. Grup ІІ ve ІІI'te makroskobik olarak karaciğerin büyümüş, yuvarlaklaşmış, sarı renkte ve gevrek yapıda olduğu gözlenmiştir. Histopatolojik olarak toksin alınma oranına göre değişen derecelerde distrofi tespit edilmiştir. Yeme mikosorbent Mycotox NG katılması kan biyokimyasal parametrelerde sapmaları düzeltmiş ve histolojik lezyonların şiddetini ve yaygınlığını azaltmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aflatoksikozis, toksisite, ördek yavrusu, karaciğer hasarı, mikosorbent (Mycotox NG)

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aflatoksikozis, toksisite, ördek yavrusu, karaciğer hasarı, mikosorbent (Mycotox NG)

Kaynakça

1. Abdel-Rachman, S.S., Sheble, M.A., Abdel-Azeem, A., Rawi, S.M., 2002. Biochemical and pathological studies on hepatic and renal alteration of male albino rats given aluminium chloride and/or aflatoxin B 1 . Egypt Journal Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology 15 (1), 359-367.
2. Afzali, N., Devegowda, G., 1999. Ability of modified mannanoligosaccharide to counteract aflatoxicosis in broiler breeder hens. Poultry Science 78 (Suppl. 1), 228-228.
3. Allameh, A., Safamehr, A., Mirhadi, S.A., Shivazad, M., Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M., Afshar-Naderi, A., 2005. Evaluation of biochemical and production parameters of broiler chicks fed ammonia treated aflatoxin contaminated maize grains. Animal Feed Science and Technology 122, 289-301. Aravind, K.L., Patil, V.S., Devegowda, G., Umakantha, B., Ganpule, S.P., 2003. Efficacy of esterified glucomannan to counteract mycotoxicosis with naturally contaminated feed on performance and serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broilers. Poultry Science 82, 571-576.
4. Bailey, C.A., Latimer, G.W., Barr, A.C., Wigle, W.L., Haq, A.U., Balthrop, J.E., Kubena, L.F., 2006. Efficacy of montmorillonite clay (NovaSil PLUS) for protecting full-term broilers from aflatoxicosis. Journal Applied and Poultry Research 15, 198-206.
5. Bata, A., Glavits, R., Vanyi, A., Salyi, G. 1996. More important mycotoxicoses of poultry clinicopathological. Review article. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 51, 395-408.
6. Bintvihok A., Klainil, P., Intraraksa, R., Sutherat, S., 1991c. Aflatoxin detoxification by mycoinhibitor. Proceedings of the 10 th Annual Livestock Conference, 522-532.
7. Bintvihok, A., Kositcharoenkul, S., 2006. Effect of dietary calcium propionate on performance, hepatic enzyme activities and aflatoxin residues in broilers fed a diet containing low levels of aflatoxin B 1 . Toxicon 47, 41-46.
8. Bintvihok, A., Shoya, S., Sutherat, S., Nagasawa, S., Sato, M., 1991b. Effects of aflatoxin B 1 in ducklings: effect on liver lesions. In: Champ, B.R., Highley, E., Hocking, A.D., Pitt, J.I. (Eds.), Fungi and Mycotoxins in Stored Products ACIAR Proceedings 36, 233-235.

9. Bintvihok, A., Uaphua, D., Klainil, P., Intraraksa, R., Sutherat, S., Wisutharom, K., Boonmeerod, M., Hayashi, M., 1991a. Aflatoxin and toxic residue: its influence with regard to jeopardize the chicken and tissues. Journal Thai Veterinary Medicine Association 42 (4), 209–217.
10. Brugere, J., Brugere, H., Basset, I., Sayad, N., Vaast, J., Michaux, J.M., 1987. Biochimie clinique en pathologie aviare.Interet et limites des dosages enzimatiques ehez la poule. Recuiel Medicine Veterinarie 24, 1091-1099.
11. Bryden, W.L., 1985. Mycotoxins and duck production. In: DJ. Farrell and P. Stapleton (eds.), Duck production science and world practice. Armidale, NSW, Australia, University of New England, pp. 149-167.
12. Cambell, T.W., Coles, E.H., 1989. Patología Clinica de Aves. In: Diagnóstico y Patología Veterinaria, 4 th edn, México, Editorial Interamericana 285-308.
13. Cardinet, G.H., 1989. Skeletal muscle function. In: Kaneko, J.J. (Ed.) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, San Diego, California, Academic Press, Inc., pp. 462-495.
14. Chu, F.S., 1991. Mycotoxins: food contamination, mechanism, carcinogenic potencial and preventive measures. Mutation Research 259, 291-2
15. Coulombe, R.A. 19 Biological action of mycotoxins. Journal Dairy Science 76, 880-891. Coulombe, R.A., 1991. Aflatoxins. In: Sharma, R. P., D. K. Salunkhe (Eds.), Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
16. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 19 In: Mycotoxins: Economic and Health Risks. K. A. Nisi (ed.), Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, IA., pp. 1-91 Denli, M., Okan, F., Doran, F., Inal, T.C., 2005. Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on carcass quality, serum lipid variables and histopathological changes of broiler chickens infected with aflatoxin B 1 . South African Journal of Animal Science 35, 109-116.
17. Dowling, T.S., 1997. Fumonisins and its toxic effects. Cereal Foods World 42, 13-15.
18. Ellis, W.O., Smith, J.P., Simpson, B.K., 1991. Aflatoxin in food: occurrence, biosynthesis, effects on organisms, detection and methods of control. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 30 (4), 403-439.
19. Espada, Y., Ruiz, G.R., Cuadradas, C., Cabanes, F.J., 1997. Fumonisin mycotoxicosis in broilers: Plasma proteins and coagulation modifications. Avian Diseases 41, 73-79.
20. European Economic Community, 1974. Council Directive 74/63/EEC on the fixing of maximum permitted levels for undesirable substances and products in feedingstuffs. Official Journal of the European, Community No. L38.
21. European Economic Community, 1991. EEC Council Directive 91/126/EEC. Amending the annexes to Council Directive 74/63/EEC on undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition. Official Journalof the European, Community No. L 60.
22. Fernández, A.M., Verde, T., Gomez, J., Gascon, M., Ramos, J.J., 1995. Changes in the prothrombin time, haematology and serum proteins during experimental aflatoxicosis in hens and broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science 58 (2), 119-122.
23. Fernández, A.M., Verde, T., Gomez, J., Gascon, M., Ramos, J.J., Gomez, J., Luco, D.F., Chavez, G., 1994. Variations of clinical biochemical parameters of laying hens and broiler chickens fed aflatoxin-containing feed. Avian Pathology 23, 37-47.
24. Hamilton, P.B., 1984. Determining safe levels of mycotoxins. Journal of Food Protection 47 (7), 570-5
25. Hashem, M.A., Mohamed, M.H., 2009. Haematobiochemical and pathological studies on aflatoxicosis and treatment of broiler chicks in Egypt. Veterinaria Italiana 45 (2), 323-337.
26. Huff, W.E., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Corrier, D.E., Mollenhauer, H.H., 1986b. Progression of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 65 (10), 1891-1899.
27. Huff, W.E., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Hagler, V.M., Swanson, S.P., Phillips, T.D., Creger, C.R., 1986a. Individual and combined effects of aflatoxin and deoxnivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 65 (7), 1291-1298.
28. Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M. 2001. Review: Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167, 101-134. Kececi, T., Oguz, H., Kurtoglu, V., Demet, V.O., 19 Effects of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, synthetic zeolite and bentonite on serum biochemical and haematological characters of broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. British Poultry Science 39, 452-458.
29. Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Huff, W., Corrier, D.E., Phillips, T.D., Rottinghaus, G.E., 1990b. Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Poultry Science 69 (7), 1078-1086.
30. Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., Phillips, T.D., Corrier, D.E., Huff, W., 1990a. Diminution of aflatoxicosis in growing chickens by the dietary addition of a hydrated, sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Poultry Science 69 (5), 7277
31. Leeson, S., Diaz, G.J., Summers, J.D., 1995. Poultry metabolic disorders and mycotixns. University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada 249-298.
32. Leeson, S., Summers, J.D., 1988. Some nutritional implications of leg problems in poultry. British Veterinary, Journal 144, 81-92.
33. Novelli, E.L., Rodrigues, N.L., Ribas, B.O., 1995. Superoxide radical and toxicity of environmental nickel exposure. Human Experimental Toxicology 14, 248-251.
34. Ordinance 44/20.04.2006. For veterinary medical requirements to animal rearing facilities, Official Gazette 41 Appendix 9/ІІ, 61-62.
35. Pasha, T.N., Farooq, M.U., Khattak, F.M., Jabbar, M.A., Khan, A.D., 2007. Effectiveness of sodium bentonite and two commercial products as aflatoxin absorbents in diets for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 132, 103-110.
36. Phillips, T.D., Clement, B.A., Kubena, L.F., Harvey, R.B., 1990. Detection and detoxification of aflatoxins: Prevention of aflatoxicosis and aflatoxin residues with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 3, 15-19.
37. Piva, G., Galvano, F., Pietri, A., Piva, A., 1995. Detoxification methods of aflatoxins. A Review. Nutrition Research 15 (5), 767-776.
38. Quesada, T., Cuellar, H., Valdivia, A.G., Reyes, J.J. 2000. Effects of aflatoxin B 1 on the liver and kidney of broilers chickens during development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 125 (3), 265-272.
39. Quist, C.F., Bounous, D.I., Kilburn, J.V., Nettles, V.F., Wyatt, R.D., 2000. The effect of dietary aflatoxin on wild turkey poults. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36, 436-444.
40. Rao, V.N., Joshi, H.C., 1993. Effect of certain drugs on acute induced aflatoxicosis in chicken (4 mg AFB1/ kg b.wt.). Indian Veterinary Journal 70, 344-3
41. Riley, T., Pestka, J., 2005. Mycotoxins: Metabolism, mechanism, and biochemical markers. In: Diaz D.E. (ed.), The Mycotoxin Blue Book, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, pp. 279-2
42. Tung, H.T., Cook, F.W., Wyatt, R.D., Hamilton, P.B., 1975a. The anemia caused by aflatoxin. Poultry Science 54, 1962-1969.
43. Tung, H.T., Wyatt, R.D., Thaxton, P., Hamilton, P.B., 1975b. Concentrations of serum proteins during aflatoxicosis. Toxicology and Appllied Pharmacology, 34, 320-326. WHO (World Health Organization), 19 Environmental health criteria, safety evaluation of certain food additives 1-127.
44. Zhao, J., Shirley, R.B., Dibner, J.D., Uraizee, F., Officer, M., Kitchell, M., Vazquez-Anon, M., Knight, C.D., 2010. Comparison of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and yeast cell wall on counteracting aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 89, 2147-2156.