Öz
The goal of this study was to isolate and identify of Candida spp. comparatively by different isolation and identification methods and to determine the predominant species in cage birds of Istanbul. For this purpose, fresh stool samples of cage birds, raised in various pet shops and houses, were collected from the bottom of the cages with sterile swabs, and transported to the laboratory in cold chain. Samples were cultured onto Sabouraud Glucose Agar with chloramphenicol, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, and Chromogenic Candida Agar media. API 20 C AUX system, carbonhydrate fermentation tests, urease, nitrate reduction and citrate utilization tests were used for identification of pure cultures of suspected colonies of Candida. Yeasts were isolated from 13 (13.4%) of 97 cage bird stool samples. Nine (69.23%) of the isolates were identified as Candida spp.; Four of them were identified as Candida albicans while five of them were Candida famata.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Anaissie, E . J . , McGinnis, M.R., Pfaller, M.A., 2009. Clinical Mycology 2 n d Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 197-231.
- Arıkan, S., Tunçkanat, F., Günalp, S., Ergüven, S., Günalp, A., 1997. Vajinal akıntı yakınmasıyla başvuran hastalarda etkenlerin mikrobiyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni 31 (2), 103-111.
- Bauck, L . , 1994. Mycoses. In: Ritchie, B.W., Harrison, G.J., Harrison, L.R. (Eds.), Avian Medicine: Principles and Application, Veterinary Medicine; Avian, Chapter 35. Wingers Publishing, Florida, pp. 998-1005.
- Brilhante, R., Maia, D., Soares, G., Monteiro, A., Medrano, D., Cordeiro, R., Sidrim, J . , Rocha, M., 2010. Characterization of the gastrointestinal yeast microbiota of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus): A potential hazard to human health. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59 (6), 718-723.
- Butcher, G.D., Miles, R.D., 1991. Improved aviculture management may prevent candidiasis in birds. University of Florida, Veterinary Medicine Series No:73. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ VMZVM03100.pdf (Erişim: 14.04.2011).
- Cabanes, F . J . , 2010. Yeast pathogens of domestic animals. In: Ashbee, H.R., Bignell, E.M. (Eds.), Pathogenic Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook Series. Springer, Berlin, pp. 253-255. de Hoog, G.S., Guarro, J . , Gene, J . , Figueras, M.J., 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi 2 n d Edition.
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, The Netherlands, pp. 176-227. Erbakan, N., 1989. Derinin Mantar Hastalıkları, Birinci Baskı. Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi, Ankara, pp. 173-212.
- Erdeğer, J . , 2002. Kandidiyaz. İçinde: İzgür, M . , Akan, M . (Ed.), Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları.
- Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara, pp. 232-233. Hazen, K . C . , Howell, S.A., 2009. Candida, Cryptococcus ve tıbbi önemi olan diğer mayalar. İçinde: Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Pfaller, M.A., Landry, M.L.
- (Eds.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology 9 t h Edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp. 1721-1781.
- Hochleithner, M., 2003. Common diseases and syndromes in pet bird medicine with treatment. In: 28 t h
- World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association, Bangkok, Thailand. Kano, R., Sakamoto, Y . , Hanahachi, A., Kamata, H., Fukuda, Y . , Fujiwara, K., Hasegawa, A., 200 Molecular identification of Candida parapsilosis from crop mucosa in a cockatiel. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13 (5), 437-439. Larone, D.H., 2002. Medically Important Fungi: A
- Guide to Identification 4 t h Edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp. 109-145. Mancianti, F . , Nardoni, S., Ceccherelli, R., 2002.
- Occurrence of yeasts in psittacines droppings from captive birds in Italy. Mycopathologia 153 (3), 121-124. Marshall, R., 2009. Trush (Candida) Infections. http://www.birdhealth.com.au/bird/er/infections .html (Erişim: 24.06.2011).
- Tantaş, A., Ak, S., Özgür, Y . , 1990. Papağanlarda candidiasiste etiyolojik ve terapotik bulgular ve kriterler üzerine çalışmalar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 16 (2), 181-1
- The Merck Veterinary Manual, 2011. Exotic and Laboratory Animals, Caged Birds, Mycotic
- Diseases, Candidiasis. http://www.merckvet 120 manual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/1702 htm (Erişim: 15.06.2010).
- Tümbay, E . , 1999. Candida türleri. İçinde: Ustaçelebi, Ş. (Ed.), Temel ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji. Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Velasco, M.C., 2000. Candidiasis and cryptococcosis in birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 9 (2), 75-81.
- Bilge Baydaş, Serkan ikiz, A. Atila Ilgaz Vieira, R.G., Coutinho, S.D.A., 2009. Phenotypical characterization of Candida spp. isolated from crop of parrots (Amazona spp.). Pesquisa
- Veterinaria Brasileira 29 (6), 452-456. Wyatt, R.D., Simmons, D.G., Hamilton, P.B., 1975.
- Induced systemic candidiasis in young broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 19 (3), 533-543. Yeğenoğlu, Y . , 2003. Mikoloji ders notu. İstanbul
- Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Öz
ÖZET
Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul'da kafes kuşlarında Candida cinsi mayaların baskın türlerini farklı kültür ve identifikasyon teknikleri ile karşılaştırmalı olarak belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, İstanbul'da çeşitli yetiştiricilerde, satıcılarda ve evlerde beslenen kafes kuşlarının taze dışkı örnekleri steril besiyerli svab yardımıyla kafes tabanından alınmış ve soğuk zincir altında laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Örneklerden kloramfenikol katkılı Sabouraud Glukoz Agar, kloramfenikol ve sikloheksimid katkılı Sabouraud Dekstroz Agar ve Chromogenic Candida Agar besiyerlerine ekimler yapılmıştır. Kandida şüpheli kolonilerin identifikasyonu için, API 20 C AUX sistem ile asimilasyon testleri, karbonhidrat fermentasyon testleri, üreaz, nitrat redüksiyonu ve sitrat kullanımı testleri yapılmıştır. Doksan yedi kafes kuşunun 13'ünde (%13,4) dışkıda maya saptanmıştır. Bunlardan 9'u (%69,23) Candida spp. olarak tanımlanmış olup 5'i Candida famata, 4'ü Candida albicans olarak identifiye edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Candida, gaita, kafes kuşları, kandidiyaz, psittasin
ABSTRACT
INVESTIGATION OF CANDIDA SPECIES IN FECAL SAMPLES TAKEN FROM CAGE BIRDS
The goal of this study was to isolate and identify of Candida spp. comparatively by different isolation and identification methods and to determine the predominant species in cage birds of Istanbul. For this purpose, fresh stool samples of cage birds, raised in various pet shops and houses, were collected from the bottom of the cages with sterile swabs, and transported to the laboratory in cold chain. Samples were cultured onto Sabouraud Glucose Agar with chloramphenicol, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol, and Chromogenic Candida Agar media. API 20 C AUX system, carbonhydrate fermentation tests, urease, nitrate reduction and citrate utilization tests were used for identification of pure cultures of suspected colonies of Candida. Yeasts were isolated from 13 (13.4%) of 97 cage bird stool samples. Nine (69.23%) of the isolates were identified as Candida spp.; Four of them were identified as Candida albicans while five of them were Candida famata.
Key Words: Cage birds, Candida, candidiasis, psittacine, stool sample
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Anaissie, E . J . , McGinnis, M.R., Pfaller, M.A., 2009. Clinical Mycology 2 n d Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 197-231.
- Arıkan, S., Tunçkanat, F., Günalp, S., Ergüven, S., Günalp, A., 1997. Vajinal akıntı yakınmasıyla başvuran hastalarda etkenlerin mikrobiyolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni 31 (2), 103-111.
- Bauck, L . , 1994. Mycoses. In: Ritchie, B.W., Harrison, G.J., Harrison, L.R. (Eds.), Avian Medicine: Principles and Application, Veterinary Medicine; Avian, Chapter 35. Wingers Publishing, Florida, pp. 998-1005.
- Brilhante, R., Maia, D., Soares, G., Monteiro, A., Medrano, D., Cordeiro, R., Sidrim, J . , Rocha, M., 2010. Characterization of the gastrointestinal yeast microbiota of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus): A potential hazard to human health. Journal of Medical Microbiology 59 (6), 718-723.
- Butcher, G.D., Miles, R.D., 1991. Improved aviculture management may prevent candidiasis in birds. University of Florida, Veterinary Medicine Series No:73. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ VMZVM03100.pdf (Erişim: 14.04.2011).
- Cabanes, F . J . , 2010. Yeast pathogens of domestic animals. In: Ashbee, H.R., Bignell, E.M. (Eds.), Pathogenic Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook Series. Springer, Berlin, pp. 253-255. de Hoog, G.S., Guarro, J . , Gene, J . , Figueras, M.J., 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi 2 n d Edition.
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, The Netherlands, pp. 176-227. Erbakan, N., 1989. Derinin Mantar Hastalıkları, Birinci Baskı. Türkiye Klinikleri Yayınevi, Ankara, pp. 173-212.
- Erdeğer, J . , 2002. Kandidiyaz. İçinde: İzgür, M . , Akan, M . (Ed.), Kanatlı Hayvan Hastalıkları.
- Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara, pp. 232-233. Hazen, K . C . , Howell, S.A., 2009. Candida, Cryptococcus ve tıbbi önemi olan diğer mayalar. İçinde: Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Jorgensen, J.H., Pfaller, M.A., Landry, M.L.
- (Eds.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology 9 t h Edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp. 1721-1781.
- Hochleithner, M., 2003. Common diseases and syndromes in pet bird medicine with treatment. In: 28 t h
- World Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association, Bangkok, Thailand. Kano, R., Sakamoto, Y . , Hanahachi, A., Kamata, H., Fukuda, Y . , Fujiwara, K., Hasegawa, A., 200 Molecular identification of Candida parapsilosis from crop mucosa in a cockatiel. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 13 (5), 437-439. Larone, D.H., 2002. Medically Important Fungi: A
- Guide to Identification 4 t h Edition. ASM Press, Washington DC, pp. 109-145. Mancianti, F . , Nardoni, S., Ceccherelli, R., 2002.
- Occurrence of yeasts in psittacines droppings from captive birds in Italy. Mycopathologia 153 (3), 121-124. Marshall, R., 2009. Trush (Candida) Infections. http://www.birdhealth.com.au/bird/er/infections .html (Erişim: 24.06.2011).
- Tantaş, A., Ak, S., Özgür, Y . , 1990. Papağanlarda candidiasiste etiyolojik ve terapotik bulgular ve kriterler üzerine çalışmalar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 16 (2), 181-1
- The Merck Veterinary Manual, 2011. Exotic and Laboratory Animals, Caged Birds, Mycotic
- Diseases, Candidiasis. http://www.merckvet 120 manual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/1702 htm (Erişim: 15.06.2010).
- Tümbay, E . , 1999. Candida türleri. İçinde: Ustaçelebi, Ş. (Ed.), Temel ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji. Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Velasco, M.C., 2000. Candidiasis and cryptococcosis in birds. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 9 (2), 75-81.
- Bilge Baydaş, Serkan ikiz, A. Atila Ilgaz Vieira, R.G., Coutinho, S.D.A., 2009. Phenotypical characterization of Candida spp. isolated from crop of parrots (Amazona spp.). Pesquisa
- Veterinaria Brasileira 29 (6), 452-456. Wyatt, R.D., Simmons, D.G., Hamilton, P.B., 1975.
- Induced systemic candidiasis in young broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 19 (3), 533-543. Yeğenoğlu, Y . , 2003. Mikoloji ders notu. İstanbul
- Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 16 Kasım 2012 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2013 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 1 |