KOYUN VE KEÇİLERDE BESLENME DAVRANIŞLARI

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 3, 77 - 88, 29.11.2012

Cavit Arslan

Öz

ÖZET

Koyun ve keçiler çene yapılarının dar ve uzun olması, hareketli ve yarık bir dudağa sahip olmalarından dolayı seçici bir yeme özelliğine sahiptirler. Keçiler, koyunlardan da seçicidirler. Yem seçiminde başta tat olmak üzere görme, dokunma ve koklama duyularını kullanırlar. Yaklaşık olarak koyunlar günlük 7-8, keçiler 10-11 saat otlarlar. En yoğun otlama sabahın erken saatlerinde ve öğleden sonraki geç saatlerde yapılmaktadır. Koyunlar meralarda otlamayı, keçiler ise ağaç yaprakları ile dal ve filizlerini yemeyi tercih ederler. Kuçükbaş ruminantlar yemin kompozisyonuna göre değişmekle beraber, otladıkları süre ya da bu süreden biraz daha az süre ruminasyon yaparlar. Tükettikleri kuru maddenin yaklaşık 2-3 kati kadar su içerler ve alışık oldukları suları tercih ederler. Yem ve su mevcudiyeti, yemin lezzeti ve bileşimi, günlük ve mevsimsel özellikler, çevre sıcaklığı, nemi ve topografisi, sosyal durum, hayvanin fizyolojik durumu, yem ve su tüketimini etkilemektedir. Başarılı bir besleme yapabilmek için normal beslenme davranışlarının bilinmesi önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Beslenme davranışları, koyun, keçi.

 

FEEDING BEHAVIORS OF SHEEP AND GOAT

ABSTRACT

Sheep and goat display selective eating behavior due to their narrower, longer muzzles, and their movable and cleft lips. Goats are more selective than sheep. Both animals use especially taste and, vision, smell and touch senses. The daily grazing time is approximately 7-8 h in sheep and 10-11 h in goats. Grazing intensifies in the early morning and late afternoon. Sheep choose to graze on pasture while goats refer to eat leaves, browses and vines of the trees in bushes and forests. Their rumination time is nearly equal to the grazing time even though it depends closely on the content of the feed. They consume water approximately 2­3 fold of the dry matter they eat, and refer to drink from daily water reservoir. The following situations affect feed and water consumption; availability of feed and water, palatability and composition, daily and seasonal changes, environmental temperature, humidity and topography, social statue, and physiological condition of the animal. Normal feeding behavior of any given animal is to be well known for a successful animal feeding.

Key Words: Feeding behaviour, sheep, goat.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beslenme davranışları, koyun, keçi

Kaynakça

• http://www. goatworld.com/articles/behaviour/behaviours.html. (02.02.2007).
• Arnold, G.W., Wallace, S.R., Rea, W.A.: Associations between individuals and home- range behaviour in natural flocks of three breeds of domestic sheep. Appl Anim Ethol, 1981; 7: 239-257.
• Barcsak, Z.: Correlation between the palatability of grasses and their soluble sugar contents. Novenytermeles, 1994; 43: 221-228.
• Blackshaw, J.K.: Notes on Some Topics in Applied Animal Behaviour. Third Edition. Bibliography ISBN 0 9592581 0 8. 1986.
• Brod, D.L., Bolsen, K.K., Brent, B.E.: Effect of water temperature on rumen temperature, digestion and rumen fermentation in sheep. J Anim Sci, 1982; 54: 179-186.
• Carvalho, S., Rodrigues, M.T., Branco, R.H., Rodrigues, C.A.F.: Feeding behavior of lactating Alpine goats fed diets containing different dietary levels of forage neutral detergent fiber. R Bras Zootec, 2006; 35: 562-568.
• Cengiz, F.: Hayvan Davranışları. UÜ Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları. Yayın No: 2006-1. Bursa, 2006.
• Cheeke, P.R.: Applied Animal Nutrition. Feeds and Feeding. Third Edition. Culinary and Hospitality Industry Publications Services, 2004.
• Cooper, S.D.B., Kyriazakis, I.: The diet selection of lambs offered food choices of different nutrient density. Anim Prod, 1993; 56: 469-473.
• Cowlishaw, S.J., Alder, F.E.: The grazing selections of cattle and sheep. J Agric Sci, Cambridge, 1960; 54: 257-267.
• Ducker, M.J., Kendall, P.T., Hemingway, R.G., McCleland, T.H.: An evaluation of feedblocks as a means of providing supplementary nutrients to ewes grazing upland/hill pastures. Anim Prod, 1981; 33: 51-57.
• Dumont, B., Maillard, J.F., Petot, M.: The effect of the spatial distribution of plant species within the sward on the searching success of sheep when grazing. Grass and Forage Sci, 1999; 55: 138-145.
• Gill, W.: Applied Sheep Behavior. http://animalscience.ag.utk.edu/sheep/pdf/AppliedSheep Behavior-WWG-2-04.pdf. (03.02.2007).
• Hofmann, R.R.: Evolutionary steps of ecophysiology adaptation and diversesification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system. Oecologia, 1989; 78: 443-457.
• Houpt, K.A.: Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterians and Animal Scientist. 3th Ed. Published by Manson Publishing Ltd. 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK, 1998.
• Hughes, R.N.: Diet Selection. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, 1993.
• Jones, E.L., Roberts, J.E.: A note on the relationship between palatability and water- soluble carbohydrates content in perennial ryegrass. Irish J Agric Res, 1991; 30: 163-167.
• Keskin, M., Şahin, A., Biçer, O., Gül, S., Kaya, Ş., Sarı, A., Duru, M.: Feeding behaviour of Awassi sheep and Shami (Damascuc) goats. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 2005; 29: 435-439.
• Luginbuhl, J.M., Gren, J.T., Mueller, J.P., Poore, M.H.: Forage needs for meat goats and sheep. http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/an_sci/extension/animal/meatgoat/MGFrgnds.htm. (17.01.2007).
• Lyons, R.K., Machen, R.V.: Interpreting Grazing Behavior. http://rangeweb.tamu.edu/extension/rangedetect/l5385_grzbhv.pdf. (23.01.2007).
• Malechek, J., Narjisse, H.: Behavioral ecology of sheep and goats. Production on pastures and rangelands. 36th Meeting of the European Assoc. of Anim. Prod. Tolouse, France, 1987.
• Nastis, A.: Feeding behaviour of goats and utilisation of pasture and rangelands. http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c25/97605953.pdf. (01.11.2007).
• Nutrient Requirement of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. Committee on the Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, National Research Council, ISBN: 978-0-309-10213-1, 2007.
• Papachristos, T.G., Nastis, A.S.: Diets of goats grazing oak shrublands of varying cover in northern Greece. J Range Manag, 1993; 46: 420-426.
• Penning, P.D., Parsons, A.J., Newman, J.A., Orr, R.J., Harvey, A.: The effect of group size on grazing time in sheep. Appl Anim Sci, 1993; 37: 101-109.
• Phillips, C.J.C.: Cattle Behavior. Published by Farming Pres Boks. Wharfedale Road, Ipswich IP1 4 LG, United Kingdom, 1993.
• Provenza, F.D.: Acquired aversions as the basis for varied diets of ruminants foraging on rangelands. J Anim Sci, 1996; 74: 2010-2020.
• Provenza, F.D.: Feeding behavior of herbivores in response to plant toxicants. Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants, 1997; 16; 231-242.
• Squires, V.: Grazing distribution and activity patherns of Merino sheep in saltbush community in South-east Australia. Appl Anim Ethol, 1974; 1: 17-30.
• Squires, V.: Livestock Management in the Arid Zone. Inkata Pres. Melbourne, Sydney and London, 1981.
• Stolba, A., Lynch, G.N., Hinch, J.J., Adams, D.B., Munro, R.K., Davies, H.I.: Social organisation of merino sheep of different ages, sex and family structure. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 1990; 27 (4): 337-349.
• Wang, J., Provenza, F.D.: Food preference and acceptance of novel foods by lambs depend on the composition of the basal diet. J Anim Sci, 1996; 74: 2349-2354.