AVIAN INFLUENZA; ÖNEMİ ARTAN BİR İNFEKSİYON

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 1 - 11, 03.12.2012

Sevgi Ergin

Öz

ÖZET

Avian influenza, influenza virusun A tipiyle oluşan ve kanatlılarda görülen bir hastalıktır. Yabani kuşlar başlıca bu etken için doğal konaktır ve virüs dünyada kanatlılar arasında yaygındır. Virüs ilk kez 1961'de Afrika'da kuşlardan izole edilmiştir. Göçmen su kuşları, özellikle yabani ördekler avian influenza için başlıca kaynaktır ve bu kanatlılar aynı zamanda infeksiyona en dirençli olan hayvanlardır. Hastalık kanatlılar arasında çok bulaşıcıdır, özellikle tavuk gibi evcil kanatlılarda ölüme neden olabilir. İnfekte kuşlar virüsü; tükürük, nazal sekresyon ve dışkıları ile yayarlar. Canlı kanatlı marketleri de epidemilerin çıkmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Genetik düzeyde yapılan çalışmalar virüsün kuşlardan insanlara direkt olarak geçebileceğini göstermiştir. İnfluenza A'nın kanatlıdan insana direkt geçişinin ilk kanıtı 1997'de Hong Kong'da kümes hayvanları arasındaki bir avian influenza salgını sırasında bildirilmiştir. Virüs 18 kişide ciddi solunum yolu hastalığına neden olmuş ve 6 ki§i olmii§tiir. insandan insana geçişin olabileceği ise ilk kez Şubat 2003'de Hollanda'dan bildirilmiştir. Avian influenza virusu insanları infekte ederse, insandan insana yayılma yeteneği kazanarak, yeni bir influenza pandemisini başlatabilir.

Anahtar kelimeler: Kanatlı, influenza, HPAIV, LPAIV

AVIAN INFLUENZA AS AN EMERGING INFECTION

ABSTRACT

Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. Wild birds are the major natural hosts of the virus and the virus circulates among birds worldwide. The virus has been first isolated from birds (terns) in Africa in 1961. Migratory waterfowl, especially wild ducks are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses, and these are also the most resistant birds to infection. The disease is very contagious among birds and may cause death, particularly in domesticated birds like chickens. Infected birds shed virus with their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. Live bird markets also play an important role in the spread of epidemics. Studies at the genetic level have determined that the virus can jump directly from birds to human. In 1997. the first instance of direct bird to human transmission of influenza A virus was documented during an outbreak of avian influenza among poultry in Hong Kong; the virus caused severe respiratory illness in 18 people, of whom 6 died. The first reported evidence of person-to-person transmission was at the end of the February 2003 in the Netherlands. If avian influenza virus is able to infect people, it may gain the ability to spread easily from person to person, and a new influenza pandemic may begin.

Key Words: Avian, Influenza, HPAIV, LPAIV

Anahtar Kelimeler

K a n a l h . influenza. H P A I V . L P A I V

Kaynakça

• Available evidence suggests no need to change the W H O recommended influenza A/H5NI vaccine protoype strains. (20.07.2005) http:// www.who.int/csr/disease/avian influenza/state me nt/en/i ndex.html (04.08.2005)
• Avian influenza (Bird Flu): Agricultural and wildlife considerations. (01.07.2005) http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/intlucnza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu.html (04.08.2005)
• Avian influenza (Bird Flu) and the significance of its transmission to humans.(15.01.2004) http:// www.who.int/csr/don (09.08.2005)
• Avian influenza frequently asked questions. (29.01.2005) http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian influenza/avian faqs/en/ (09.08.2005)
• Avian influenza- sluation in Indonesia- update 25. (21.07.2005) http:// www.who.int/csr/don (04.08.2005)
• Beard CW.: Avian influenza (fowl plague), In: US Animal Health Association, Committee on Foreign Animal Disease. Foreign animal diseases: the gray book. Ed.6. Richmond, VA:US Animal Health Assoc, 1998.
• Bridges, C.B., L i m , W., Primmer, J.H.: Risk o f Influenza virus A(H5N1) infection among poultry workers. Hong Kong, 1997-1998. J Infect Dis, 2002;185: 231-237. LO
• Capua, I . , Marangan, S.: The avian influenza epidemic in Italy, 1999-2000; a review. Avian Pathol, 2000;29(4): 289-294.
• Casturicci, M . R . , Donatelli, I . , Sidoli, L . , Barigazzi, G., Kawaoka, Y., Webster, R.G.: Genetic reassortmcnt between avian and human influenza A viruses in Italian pigs. Virolosy. 1993; 193: 503-506.
• Class, E.C., Osterhaus, A.D., van Beek, R.: Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet. 1998;351: 472-477.
• Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of avian influenza A/(H5N1) reported to WHO. (05.08.2005) http://www.who.int/csr/diseasc/avian influenza/country/en/
• De Jong, J.C., Fouchier, R.A.M., Koopmans, M . : Molecular analysis of the influenza virus infections of birds and man occuring during an outbreak of a highly pathogenic avian H7N7 strain in poultry in the Netherlands. J Clin Virol, 2003;27: 1-15.
• Doster G L . : A Quarterly Newsletter from the southeastren cooperative wildlife disease study college of veterinary medicin, The University of georgia Athens, Vol: 18(2), 2002 http://www.uga.edu/scwds/bricfs/0702brief.pdf. (08.08.2005)
• Gellin, B., Modlin, J.F.: Influenza pandemic preparedness action plan for the United States. 2002 update. Clin Infect Dis. 20O2;35: 590-596.
• Guan, Y., Poon, L . L . M . , Cheung, C.Y.: H5N1 influenza: a protean pandemic threat. Proct Natl Acad Sci USA, 2004; 101:8156-1861.
• Hayden, F.G., Hay, I I . J . : Emergence and transmission of influenza A viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1992:176: 119-130.
• Hayden FG, Palese P.: Influenza virus. In: Clinical Virology. Ed. Richman, D.D.. Whitley, R.J., Hayden. F.G. Washington, ASM. 2002; 891-920.
• Highly pathogenic avian influenza, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet faq notice/fs avian flu.html (04.08.2005)
• Horimoto, T., Kawaoka Y.: Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev,2001;14(l): 129-149.
• Jeffery, JS.: Biosecurity for poultry floks. Extension poultry veterinarian, University of California- Davis. http://www.vctmed.ucdavis.edu/vetext/ INF-PO Biosecurity.html (03.08.2005)
• Kawaoka, Y . , Krauss, S., Webster, R.G.: Avian to human transmission of the PBI gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics. J Virol, 1989;63: 4603-4608.
• Khayyam, O.: H5NI Avian Flu. Cybermcd update August 2004. http://www.vadscomcr.com/intcrnei64.html. (08.0S.2005)
• Kida, I I . , Ito, T., Yasuda, Y., Shimizu, Y., Itakura, C , Shortridge, F., Kawaoka, Y., Webster, RG.: Potential for transmission of avian influenza viruses to pigs. J Gen Virol. 1994:75: 2183ı 2188.
• Koopmans, M . , Wilbrink, B., Conyn, M . : Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet, 2004:363: 587-593.
• Avian Influenza: Önemi Artan Bir İnfeksiyon 11
• L i , K.S., Wang, J., Smith, G.J.D.: Genesis of highly pathogenic and potanliaily pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in Eastern Asia. Nature. 2004:430: 209-213.
• Lipatov, A.S., Govarkova, E.A., Webby, R.J.: Influenza: Emergence and Control. J Virol. 2004:78(17): 8951-8959.
• Outbreak Notice Update: Notice to travelers about Avian influenza A (H5N1) http://www.cdc.gov/travel/other/avian flu ahnk031605.htm (08.08.2005)
• Peiris, J.S.M., Y u , W.C., Leung, C.W.: Rc-cmergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5NI disease. Lancet. 2004:363: 617-619.
• Pensaert, M . , Ottis, K . , van deputte, J, Kaplan, M . M . , Bachmann, P.A.: Evidence for the natural transmission of influenza A virus from wild ducks to swine and its potential importance for man. Bull WHO, 1981;59: 75-78.
• Perkins, L E , Swayne DE.: Pathogenic of a Hong Kong orgin H5NI highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks, and pigeons. Avian Diseases. 2002;46(l):53-63.
• Rowe, T-, Abernathy, R.A., Hu-Primmer, J.: Detection of antibody to avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in human serum by using a combination of scrolosic assays. J Clin Microbiol. 1999:37(4): 937-943.
• Scholtixsek, C , Stech, J., Krauss, S., Webster, R-: Compatability of various avian HA subtypes with the genome of human influenza A viruses. International Congress series, 2001:1219: 1023ı 1027.
• Suarez, D . L . , Spackman, E., Senne, I I . : Update on molecular epidemiology of H I , H5 and H7 influenza virus infections in poultry in North America. Avian Dis. 2003;47: 888-897.
• Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Koruma ve Kontrol Gene Miidürlüğü'nün 24.10.2002 tarih ve 250.10.10.1 l/HMM-42-11030 sayılı Avian influenza izleme talimatı.
• Taubenberger, J.K., Layne, S.P.: Diagnosis of Influenza virus: Coming to grips with the molecular era. Molecular Diag, 2001 ;6(4): 291-305.
• Taunberger, J.K., Ried, A . H . , Janczeqski, A., Fanning, T.G.: Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B. 2001 ;356: 1829-1839.
• Wang, C , Takeuchi, K., Pinto, I I . , Lamb, R.A.: Ion channel activity of influenza A virus M2 protein: characterization of the amantadine block. J Virol, 1993:67: 5585-5594.
• Webster, R.G., Been, W.J., Gorman, O.T., Chambers, T . M . , Kawaoka, Y-: Evolution and ecology of Influenza A viruses. Microbiol Rev. 1992:56: 152-179.
• Webster, R.G., Guan, Y., Peiris, M . : Characterization of H5NI influenza viruses that continue to circulate in geese in the southeastern China. J Virol, 2002:76: 118-126.
• Webster, R.G.: Wet markets - a continuing source of severe acute respirator)' syndrome and influenza. Lancet, 2004:363: 234-236.
• Ziegler, T., Cox, N.J.: Influenza Viruses. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology. Ed. Murray. P.R.. Baron, E.J.. Pfaller. M.A.. Jorgensen. J.H.. Volken. R.H. Washington. ASM. 2003; 1360-1367.
• Zhou, N.N., Senne, D.A., Lanrigraf, J.S.: Genetic reassortment of avian, swine and human influenza A viruses in American pigs. J Virol, 1999:73: 8851-8856.