Gıda Sektöründe Blok Zinciri Teknolojisi: Sektörün içinden Bir Uygulama Deneyimi

Öz

Teknolojinin ilerlemesi ve dijitalleşmenin yaygın şekilde benimsenmesi, toplumları ve işletmeleri önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Bu gelişmelere ayak uyduramayan işletmeler, rekabet açısından çeşitli zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle, işletmelerin teknolojik yenilikleri entegre ederek sürekli bir dönüşüm süreci içerisinde olmaları gerekmektedir. Son yıllarda kullanım alanı giderek genişleyen devrim niteliğindeki teknolojilerden biri de Web 3.0 teknolojileri kapsamında değerlendirilen blokzincir teknolojisidir. Bu teknolojinin önemli uygulama alanlarından biri de gıda sektörüdür. Küresel nüfusun hızla artmasıyla birlikte gıda ve gıda tedarik zincirinin önemi giderek artmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, bu çalışma kapsamında Ethereum tabanlı bir blokzincir ağı ve akıllı sözleşmeler, web teknolojileri ile entegre edilerek bir uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Bu uygulamanın, gıda tedarik zincirinde üreticiden perakende mağazasına kadar tüm süreçleri takip ederek israfı önleyeceği, izlenebilirliği artıracağı, işlem hızını yükselteceği ve maliyetleri azaltacağı öngörülmektedir. Ayrıca, blokzincir teknolojisinin gıda tedarik zinciri ile entegrasyonu sayesinde işletmelerin dayanıklılık ve sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine önemli bir katkı sağlayarak stratejik yönetimde kritik bir rol oynayacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın, blokzincir tabanlı diğer uygulamalara ve işletmelere rehberlik etmesi beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Blok Zincir
• Gıda Sektörü
• Gıda Tedarik Zinciri
• Akıllı Kontrat
• Web 3.0

Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry: An Application Experience from Inside the Industry

Öz

With the advancement of technology and the widespread adoption of digitalization, societies and businesses are significantly impacted by these developments. Businesses that fail to keep pace with these advancements face challenges in competition. Therefore, it is essential for businesses to continuously evolve by integrating these technological advancements. In recent years, one of the revolutionary technologies that has seen increased usage is blockchain technology, a subset of Web 3.0 technologies. One of the significant application areas of this technology is the food sector. Given the rapid increase in the global population, the importance of food and the food supply chain is becoming increasingly crucial. Consequently, within the scope of this study, an application was developed by integrating an Ethereum-based blockchain network and smart contracts with web technologies. It is believed that this application will prevent waste, increase traceability, enhance transaction speed, and reduce costs by tracking all processes from the producer to the retail store in the food supply chain. Also, it is thought that blockchain technology will play an important role in strategic management by making a significant contribution to the resilience and sustainability goals of businesses through its integration with the food supply chain. This study is expected to serve as a guide for other blockchain-based applications and businesses.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Blockchain
• Food Sector
• Food Supply Chain
• Smart Contract
• Web 3.0

Kaynakça

1. Blockchain and Food Supply Chains: A Compilation of Research This compilation brings together various research articles focusing on the application, challenges, and benefits of blockchain technology within food supply chains. The included works span diverse aspects, from general adoption and economic effects to specific applications like traceability and smart contracts, and even the impact of COVID-19.
2. Key Themes and Research Areas The collected research highlights several recurring themes and areas of focus:
3. Blockchain Adoption and Readiness: Studies like Alıcı, Damar, & Gökşen (2024) and Mohammed et al. (2023) investigate the readiness for blockchain adoption and analyze the enablers, benefits, and barriers to its implementation in food supply chains.
4. Traceability and Transparency: A significant portion of the literature, including Ellahi, Wood, & Bekhit (2023), Nassar et al. (2024), and Tsang et al. (2019), explores how blockchain can enhance food traceability and transparency, improving food safety and consumer confidence.
5. Benefits and Challenges: Researchers consistently examine the advantages of blockchain, such as improved efficiency, reduced fraud, and enhanced trust, alongside the challenges of implementation, scalability, and integration. Katsikouli et al. (2021) and Li, Lee, & Gharehgozli (2023) provide comprehensive overviews of these aspects.
6. Integration with Other Technologies: Several papers, such as Kaur et al. (2022) and Mukherjee, Dutta, & Bandyopadhyay (2021), discuss the synergy between blockchain and other emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) for creating more robust and intelligent supply chain systems.
7. Specific Applications and Case Studies: The collection includes studies on specific applications, such as blockchain in the wine supply chain (Adamashvili et al., 2021) and the Australian grains trade (Gunasekera & Valenzuela, 2020), as well as frameworks for organic food traceability (Van Hilten, Ongena, & Ravesteijn, 2020).
8. Impact of External Factors: Some research, like Sharma et al. (2022) and Yang, Zhang, & Shi (2021), investigates the role of blockchain in managing disruptions and risks, including those posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, in food supply chains.

9. Bibliometric and Literature Reviews: Several articles offer bibliometric analyses and systematic literature reviews, providing overviews of the research landscape in blockchain for supply chains and agri-food sectors (e.g., Cigdem, 2021; Elias, Usman, & Chuprat, 2024; Duan et al., 2020).
10. Compiled Research Articles Here's the formatted list of research articles:
11. Adamashvili, N., State, R., Tricase, C., & Fiore, M. (2021). Blockchain-Based Wine Supply Chain for the Industry Advancement. Sustainability, 13(23), 13070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313070
12. Alıcı, S., Damar, M., & Gökşen, Y. (2024). Blok Zincir Teknolojisine Akademik Yönden Ne Kadar Hazırız: Türkiye Adresli Blok Zincir Konusundaki Uluslararası Yayınların Analizi ve Alanın Gelişimine Yönelik Öneriler. Journal of Information Systems and Management Research, 6(1), 40–62. https://doi.org/10.59940/jismar.1483935
13. Cigdem, Ş. (2021). From EDI to Blockchain: A Bibliometric Analysis of Digitalization in Supply Chains. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 20(2), 657–677. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.861065
14. Chandan, A., John, M., & Potdar, V. (2023). Achieving UN SDGs in Food Supply Chain Using Blockchain Technology. Sustainability, 15(3), 2109. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032109
15. Daneshvar Kakhki, M., & Gargeya, V. B. (2019). Information systems for supply chain management: a systematic literature analysis. International Journal of Production Research, C. 57, pp. 5318–5339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2019.1570376
16. Duan, J., Zhang, C., Gong, Y., Brown, S., & Li, Z. (2020). A content‐analysis based literature review in blockchain adoption within food supply chain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, C. 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051784
17. Elias, S. K. N. H., Usman, S., & Chuprat, S. (2024). Discovering the Global Landscape of Agri-Food and Blockchain: A Bibliometric Review. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2024.0150458
18. Ellahi, R. M., Wood, L. C., & Bekhit, A. E. D. A. (2023). Blockchain-Based Frameworks for Food Traceability: A Systematic Review. Foods, C. 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163026
19. Gunasekera, D., & Valenzuela, E. (2020). Adoption of Blockchain Technology in the Australian Grains Trade: An Assessment of Potential Economic Effects. Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied Economics and Policy, 39(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12274
20. Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. S. (1991). How to time-stamp a digital document. Journal of Cryptology, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196791
21. Hasan, I., Habib, Md. M., & Mohamed, Z. (2023). Blockchain Database and IoT: A Technology driven Agri-Food Supply Chain. International Supply Chain Technology Journal, 9(3), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.20545/isctj.v09.i03.01
22. Jarka, S. (2019). Food Safety in the Supply Chain Using Blockchain Technology. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia, 18(4), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.43
23. Katsikouli, P., Wilde, A. S., Dragoni, N., & Høgh-Jensen, H. (2021). On the benefits and challenges of blockchains for managing food supply chains. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(6), 2175–2181. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10883
24. Kaur, A., Singh, G., Kukreja, V., Sharma, S., Singh, S., & Yoon, B. (2022). Adaptation of IoT With Blockchain in Food Supply Chain Management: An Analysis-Based Review in Development, Benefits and Potential Applications. Sensors, 22(21), 8174. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218174
25. Kim, H. M., & Laskowski, M. (2018). Toward an ontology-driven blockchain design for supply-chain provenance. Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 25(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/isaf.1424
26. Kshetri, N. (2019). Blockchain and the Economics of Food Safety. It Professional, 21(3), 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2019.2906761
27. Li, K., Lee, J. Y., & Gharehgozli, A. (2023). Blockchain in food supply chains: a literature review and synthesis analysis of platforms, benefits and challenges. International Journal of Production Research, 61(11), 3527–3546. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2021.1970849
28. Liu, Q., & Zou, X. (2019). Research on trust mechanism of cooperation innovation with big data processing based on blockchain. Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2019(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-019-1340-5
29. M, K., & Parkhi, S. (2021). Blockchain enabled technology platform for enhancing supply chain financing for SME’s. Psychology and Education Journal, 57(9). https://doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.2689
30. Mao, D., Wang, F., Hao, Z., & Li, H. (2018). Credit evaluation system based on blockchain for multiple stakeholders in the food supply chain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081627
31. Marchesi, L., Mannaro, K., Marchesi, M., & Tonelli, R. (2022). Automatic Generation of Ethereum-Based Smart Contracts for Agri-Food Traceability System. Ieee Access, 10, 50363–50383. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3171045
32. Mendling, J., Weber, I., Van Der Aalst, W., Brocke, J. Vom, Cabanillas, C., Daniel, F., … Zhu, L. (2018). Blockchains for business process management - Challenges and opportunities. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3183367
33. Mohammed, A., Potdar, V., Quaddus, M., & Hui, W. (2023). Blockchain Adoption in Food Supply Chains: A Systematic Literature Review on Enablers, Benefits, and Barriers. Ieee Access, 11, 14236–14255. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3236666
34. Mukherjee, U., Dutta, S., & Bandyopadhyay, S. K. (2021). Assembling Blockchain and IoT for Smart Food-Supply Chain. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, 16(3), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2021/v16i330177
35. Nassar, A., EA Fathimath, S., Mohammed, F., KN, H. M., & KS, F. (2024). A Review on Blockchain Based Traceability in Organic Food Supply Chain. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 6(2), 782–785. https://doi.org/10.56726/irjmets49315
36. Nofer, M., Gomber, P., Hinz, O., & Schiereck, D. (2017). Blockchain. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 59(3), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12599-017-0467-3
37. Oriekhoe, O. I., Ilugbusi, B. S., & Adisa, O. (2024). Ensuring global food safety: integrating blockchain technology into food supply chains. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(3), 811–820. https://doi.org/10.51594/ESTJ.V5I3.905
38. Ozdagoglu, G., Damar, M., & Ozdagoglu, A. (2020). The State of the Art in Blockchain Research (2013–2018): Scientometrics of the Related Papers in Web of Science and Scopus. In Contributions to Management Science (pp. 569–599). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29739-8_27
39. Pakseresht, A., Kaliji, S. A., & Xhakollari, V. (2022). How Blockchain Facilitates the Transition Toward Circular Economy in the Food Chain? Sustainability, 14(18), 11754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811754
40. Panghal, A., Sindhu, S., Dahiya, S., Dahiya, B., & Mor, R. S. (2022). Benchmarking the Interactions among Challenges for Blockchain Technology Adoption: A Circular Economy Perspective. International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences, 7(6), 859–872. https://doi.org/10.33889/IJMEMS.2022.7.6.054
41. Rana, S. (2020). Blockchain-based Traceability and Transparency in Agricultural Supply Chains: Challenges and Opportunities. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 11(3), 1948–1956. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v11i3.13591
42. Sharma, A., Sharma, A., Singh, R., & Bhatia, T. (2023). Blockchain Adoption in Agri-Food Supply Chain Management: An Empirical Study of the Main Drivers Using Extended UTAUT. Business Process Management Journal, 29(3), 737–756. https://doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-10-2022-0543
43. Sharma, M., Joshi, S., Luthra, S., & Kumar, A. (2022). Managing disruptions and risks amidst COVID-19 outbreaks: role of blockchain technology in developing resilient food supply chains. Operations Management Research, 15(1), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063-021-00198-9
44. Tsang, Y. P., Choy, K. L., Wu, C. H., Ho, G. T. S., & Lam, H. Y. (2019). Blockchain-Driven IoT for Food Traceability with an Integrated Consensus Mechanism. IEEE Access, 7, 129000–129017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940227
45. Van Hilten, M., Ongena, G., & Ravesteijn, P. (2020). Blockchain for Organic Food Traceability: Case Studies on Drivers and Challenges. Frontiers in Blockchain, C. 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2020.567175
46. Vu, N., Ghadge, A., & Bourlakis, M. (2023). Blockchain adoption in food supply chains: a review and implementation framework. Production Planning and Control, 34(6), 506–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2021.1939902
47. Xiong, H., Dalhaus, T., Wang, P., & Huang, J. (2020). Blockchain Technology for Agriculture: Applications and Rationale. Frontiers in Blockchain, C. 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2020.00007
48. Xu, M., Ma, S., & Wang, G. (2022). Differential Game Model of Information Sharing among Supply Chain Finance Based on Blockchain Technology. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(12), 7139. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127139
49. Xueting, H. (2023). Blockchain-Enabled Smart Packaging: Enhancing Food Traceability and Consumer Confidence in the Chinese Food Industry. The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, 5(12), 1–7.
50. Yang, L., Zhang, J., & Shi, X. (2021). Can blockchain help food supply chains with platform operations during the COVID-19 outbreak? Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 49, 101093. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101093