Araştırma Makalesi
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Girişimlerin Yetkin Çalışan İstihdam Sorunu Üzerine Keşifsel Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 182 - 202, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1833126

Öz

Girişimler ekonomik kalkınma ve gelişmenin kilit oyuncuları arasında görülmektedir fakat girişimcilik alanının gelişmesinin önünde çeşitli engeller mevcuttur. Girişimlerin özellikle yüksek performans gösterebilmeleri açısından kritik bir öneme sahip olan yetkin çalışanların, istihdamında yaşadıkları zorluklar bu engellerden önemli bir tanesidir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı girişimlerin yetkin çalışan istihdam sorununun keşifsel bir yaklaşımla incelenmesidir. Nitel olarak tasarlanmış çalışma kapsamında kartopu yöntemi ile saptanmış 10 girişim sahibi ve 12 yetkin çalışan ile derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilerek çalışmanın bulgularına erişilmiştir. Çalışmada yetkin çalışanların girişimlerde çalışmaya olumlu yaklaşmadıkları ve girişimlerin yetkin çalışan istihdam etmek konusundaki zorlukları sıkça tecrübe ettikleri saptanmıştır. Bu durumun girişimciler açısından altı, yetkin çalışanlar açısından sekiz nedeni tespit edilmiştir. Piyasalarda yeterli yetkin çalışan olmaması girişimcilerin en sık öne sürdükleri neden olurken, girişimlerin kısa ömürlü olması endişesi yetkin çalışanlar tarafından en sık öne sürülen sebep olmuştur. Bu sebeplere rağmen girişim-yetkin çalışan birlikteliğini sağlayabilecek unsurlar irdelendiğinde en sık bahsedilen iki unsur girişimin yetkin çalışana esnek çalışma saatleri ile çalışma şansı sunması ve mevcut unvanından daha yüksek bir unvan teklif etmesi olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçların girişimlerin yetkin çalışan istihdam etmek konusunda yaşadıkları sorunların çözümleri için yol gösterici olması umulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • Adams, R., Jeanrenaud, S., Bessant, J., Denyer, D., & Overy, P. (2016). Sustainability‐oriented innovation: A systematic review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(2), 180-205.
  • Amiri, N. S. & Marimaei, M. R. (2012). Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs traits and characteristics. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration. 2(7): 150-155.
  • Anderson, A. R., & Starnawska, M. (2008). Research practices in entrepreneurship: Problems of definition, description and meaning. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 9(4), 221-230.
  • Anilkumar, J., Bastray, T., Malhotra, N., & Basha, M. (2025). Human resource management in startups: challenges and best practices for entrepreneurial growth. Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa, 29(1), 269-281.
  • Audina, N., & Wening, N. (2025, September). The effect of employee engagament and work motivation on start-up employee performance with workforce agility as moderator. In The Fifth International Conference on Innovations Social Sciences Education and Engineering (Vol. 5, pp. 160-160).
  • Aydın, N. (2018). Nitel araştirma yöntemleri: etnoloji. Uluslararası Beşeri ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi. 2(2): 60-71.
  • Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel araştirma süreci: nitel bir araştirma nasil yapilir. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 5(2): 368-388.
  • Baranskaitė, E., & Labanauskaitė, D. (2020). The concept of innovatıon in the approach to novelty, value creatıng, interactıon processes and socıal progress. Regional Formation & Development Studies, 31(2), 50-58.
  • Barrett, R., Neeson, R., & Billington, L. (2007). Finding the “right staff” in small firms. Education+ Training, 49(8/9), 686-697.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1983). Toward operational models of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, 29- 47.
  • Baumol, W. J. (2002). Entrepreneurship, innovation and growth: The David-Goliath symbiosis. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures, 7(2), 1-10.
  • Bekar, İ., Korkut, D. S. (2006). Girişimcinin özellikleri ve ekonomideki önemi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi. 2(2): 116-124.
  • Bernstein, S., Townsend, R. R., & Xu, T. (2024). Flight to safety: How economic downturns affect talent flows to startups. The Review of Financial Studies, 37(3), 837-881.
  • Bilgiseven, E.B. & Kasımoğlu, M. (2020). Start up girişimlerde girişimcilik niyeti üzerinde etikli olan faktörler arasindaki ilişkinin analizi. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4(7): 41-59.
  • Boudlaie, H., Mahdiraji, H. A., Jirandeh, M. S., & Jafari-Sadeghi, V. (2022). The role of human resource management in the growth of startups: a multiple case study from the perspective of entrepreneurs and employees. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 18(3), 307-324.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competent Manager: A Model For Effective Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. Ç., Kalkan, A., Koyuncu, O. & Alparslan, A. M. (2012). Türkiye’de girişimciliğin gelişimi: girişimciler üzerinde nitel bir araştirma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1(15): 229-247.
  • Budak, G. (2008). Yetkinliğe Dayalı Insan Kaynakları Yönetimi. İzmir: Barış Yayınları.
  • Cantillon, R. (2010). Essay On Economic Theory, An. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
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An Exploratory Research on the Problem of Employing Competent Employees in Enterprises

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 182 - 202, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1833126

Öz

Startups are considered key players in economic growth and development, but various obstacles hinder the development of the entrepreneurship field. The difficulties experienced by startups in employing competent employees, who are crucial for their high performance, is a significant obstacle. In this context, the aim of this research is to examine the problem of employing competent employees in startups using an exploratory approach. As part of this qualitative study, in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 startup owners and 12 competent employees, identified through a snowball survey. The data obtained was evaluated using content analysis to arrive at the findings. The study found that competent employees were not positive about working in startups and frequently experienced difficulties in recruiting competent employees. Six reasons for this were identified for entrepreneurs and eight for competent employees. While the lack of sufficient competent employees in the market was the most frequently cited reason by entrepreneurs, concerns about the short lifespan of startups were the most frequently cited reason by competent employees. Despite these reasons, when examining the factors that can foster a partnership between startups and competent employees, the two most frequently cited elements were the startup offering flexible working hours and offering a higher-ranking title than the current one. It is hoped that the results obtained will guide enterprises in solving the problems they face in employing competent employees.

Kaynakça

  • Acs, Z., & Armington, C. (2004). Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities. Regional Studies, 38(8), 911-927.
  • Adams, R., Jeanrenaud, S., Bessant, J., Denyer, D., & Overy, P. (2016). Sustainability‐oriented innovation: A systematic review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(2), 180-205.
  • Amiri, N. S. & Marimaei, M. R. (2012). Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs traits and characteristics. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration. 2(7): 150-155.
  • Anderson, A. R., & Starnawska, M. (2008). Research practices in entrepreneurship: Problems of definition, description and meaning. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 9(4), 221-230.
  • Anilkumar, J., Bastray, T., Malhotra, N., & Basha, M. (2025). Human resource management in startups: challenges and best practices for entrepreneurial growth. Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa, 29(1), 269-281.
  • Audina, N., & Wening, N. (2025, September). The effect of employee engagament and work motivation on start-up employee performance with workforce agility as moderator. In The Fifth International Conference on Innovations Social Sciences Education and Engineering (Vol. 5, pp. 160-160).
  • Aydın, N. (2018). Nitel araştirma yöntemleri: etnoloji. Uluslararası Beşeri ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi. 2(2): 60-71.
  • Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel araştirma süreci: nitel bir araştirma nasil yapilir. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 5(2): 368-388.
  • Baranskaitė, E., & Labanauskaitė, D. (2020). The concept of innovatıon in the approach to novelty, value creatıng, interactıon processes and socıal progress. Regional Formation & Development Studies, 31(2), 50-58.
  • Barrett, R., Neeson, R., & Billington, L. (2007). Finding the “right staff” in small firms. Education+ Training, 49(8/9), 686-697.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1983). Toward operational models of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, 29- 47.
  • Baumol, W. J. (2002). Entrepreneurship, innovation and growth: The David-Goliath symbiosis. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures, 7(2), 1-10.
  • Bekar, İ., Korkut, D. S. (2006). Girişimcinin özellikleri ve ekonomideki önemi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi. 2(2): 116-124.
  • Bernstein, S., Townsend, R. R., & Xu, T. (2024). Flight to safety: How economic downturns affect talent flows to startups. The Review of Financial Studies, 37(3), 837-881.
  • Bilgiseven, E.B. & Kasımoğlu, M. (2020). Start up girişimlerde girişimcilik niyeti üzerinde etikli olan faktörler arasindaki ilişkinin analizi. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4(7): 41-59.
  • Boudlaie, H., Mahdiraji, H. A., Jirandeh, M. S., & Jafari-Sadeghi, V. (2022). The role of human resource management in the growth of startups: a multiple case study from the perspective of entrepreneurs and employees. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 18(3), 307-324.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competent Manager: A Model For Effective Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. Ç., Kalkan, A., Koyuncu, O. & Alparslan, A. M. (2012). Türkiye’de girişimciliğin gelişimi: girişimciler üzerinde nitel bir araştirma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1(15): 229-247.
  • Budak, G. (2008). Yetkinliğe Dayalı Insan Kaynakları Yönetimi. İzmir: Barış Yayınları.
  • Cantillon, R. (2010). Essay On Economic Theory, An. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
  • Cappelli, P., & Crocker-Hefter, A. (1996). Distinctive human resources are firms' core competencies. Organizational Dynamics, 24(3), 7-22.
  • Carree, M. A. & Thurik, A. R. (2005). Understanding the role of entrepreneurship for economic growth (No. 1005). Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy.
  • CB Insights (2021). The Top 12 Reasons Startups Fail. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cbinsights.com/research/report/startup-failure-reasons-top/ Erişim Tarihi: 11/08/2025
  • Cefis, E., & Marsili, O. (2006). Survivor: The role of innovation in firms’ survival. Research Policy, 35(5), 626-641.
  • Chen, S. H., Yang, C. C., Shiau, J. Y., Wang, H. H. (2006). The development of an employee satisfaction model for higher education. The TQM Magazine. 18(5): 484-500.
  • Colombo, M.G., Delmastro, M., Grilli, L. (2004). Entrepreneurs’ human capital and the start-up size of new technology based firms. International Journal of Industrial Organization. 22(2004): 1183-1211.
  • Çetinkaya, M. (2009). Yöneticilerin yönetsel yetkinlik algilamalarina ilişkin bir araştirma. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 11(2): 219-239.
  • Çiftçi, M. & Öztürk, U. C. (2013). Yetkinlik bazli personel seçme faaliyetleri ve türkiye’deki büyük ölçekli işletmelerin işgören seçme modeli tercihlerindeki eğilimler. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi. 13(25): 145-172.
  • Deka, D. (2024). Founder’s insights: Unveiling hr challenges in start-ups. NHRD Network Journal, 17(1-2), 36-39.
  • Drucker, P. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Durukan, T. (2006). Dünden bugüne girişimcilik ve 21. Yüzyilda girişimciliğin önemi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi. 1(2): 25-37.
  • Elçi, Ş. & Karataylı, İ. (2008). İnovasyon rehberi: Kârlılık ve rekabetin elkitabı. Technopolis Group Türkiye. 1-80.
  • Er, P. H. (2013). Girişimcilik ve yenilikçilik kavramlarinin iktisadi düşüncedeki yeri: Joseph A. Schumpeter. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1(29): 75-85.
  • Eyel, C. Ş., Ünkaya, G. & Kaplan, B. (2019). İktisadi düşünce tarihi çerçevesinde girişimcilik kavraminin gelişimi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 18(35): 557-586.
  • Ferauge, P. (2012). A conceptual framework of corporate social responsibility and innovation. Global Journal of Business Research. 6(5): 85-96.
  • Foss, N. J. & Knudsen, C. (Eds) (1996), Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm, London: Routledge.
  • Garcia, R. & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An international publication of the product development & management association, 19(2), 110-132.
  • Gartner, W. B. (1990). What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship?. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), 15-28.
  • Gedeon, S. (2010). What is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Practice Review. 1(3): 16-35.
  • Gordon, E., Natarajan, K. & Arora, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship Development. Mumbai, India: Himalaya Publishing House.
  • Granstrand, O. & Holgersson, M. (2020). Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition. Technovation. 90 102098.
  • Hager, P., & Gonczi, A. (1996). What is competence?. Medical Teacher, 18(1), 15-18.
  • Hoppe, M. (2016). The entrepreneurship concept– A short introduction. Högre Utbildning. 6(2): 95-108. Jafarnejad, A., Abbaszadeh, M. A., Ebrahimi, M. & Abtahi, S. M. (2013). Analysis of barriers to entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences. 2(4): 207-216.
  • Kanchana, L., & Jayathilaka, R. (2023). Factors impacting employee turnover intentions among professionals in Sri Lankan startups. Plos one, 18(2), e0281729.
  • Kavak, Ç. (2009). Bilgi ekonomisinde inovasyon kavrami ve temel göstergeleri. Akademik Bilişim’09 - XI. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı Bildirileri (ss. 617-628), Düzenleyen: Harran Üniversitesi. Şanlıurfa. 11-13 Şubat 2019.
  • Kitapcı, İ. (2019). Joseph Schumpeter’in girişimcilik ve inovasyon anlayişi: yaratici yikim kavrami ve geçmişten günümüze yansimalari. Journal of Empirical Economics and Social Sciences. 1(2): 54-74.
  • Klimas, P., Czakon, W., Kraus, S., Kailer, N. & Maalaoui, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial failure: A synthesis and conceptual framework of its effects. European Management Review. 18(1): 167-182.
  • Krenzi, L. (2020). How to optimize the Talent Acquisition Strategy and Recruitment Process in Swiss startups and young ventures to build a winning team?. Lisans Tezi, International Business Management, Cenevre
  • Le Deist, F. D., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence?. Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27-46.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications.
  • Lippmann, S., Davis, A. & Aldrich, H. E. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Inequality. In Entrepreneurship (ss. 3-31), Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for" intelligence.". American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14.
  • Meyer, N. & Jongh, J. (2018). The importance of entrepreneurship as a contributing factor to economic growth and development: The case of selected european countries. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. 10(4): 287-299.
  • Nakiboğlu, A. (2023). Girişimcilik düşüncesinin evrimi. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences. 9(3): 113-148.
  • Ndlovu, S. G., Radebe, T. N., Xulu, N. C. & Mlambo, V. H. (2023). Entrepreneurial mindset as a facilitator and barrier to entrepreneurship development: The mediating role of entrepreneurial culture. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review. 6(9): 170-182.
  • OECD (2017). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2017. Erişim Adresi: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/entrepreneurship-at-a-glance-2017_entrepreneur_aag-2017-en.html Erişim Tarihi: 11/08/2025
  • Öz, S., Dindarik, N., & Duman, F. (2019). Schumpeteryan girişimcilik ve 21. yüzyıl girişimcilik yaklaşımları: y kuşağı girişimcileri üzerine nitel bir araştırma. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 1056-1091.
  • Picken, J.C. (2017). From Start-up to Scalable Enterprise: Laying the Foundation. Business Horizons. 60(2017): 587-595.
  • Özdemir, S., Arslan, S., & Özdemir, F. (2024). Türkiye’de start up girişimlerine bakış: Çanakkale ilinde bir vaka analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 8(2), 533-550.
  • Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (2003). The core competence of the corporation. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, 163, 210-222.
  • Poston, B. (2009). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The Surgical Technologist. 41(8): 347-353.
  • Ramlall, S. (2004). A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business. 5(1/2): 52-63.
  • Ratten, V. (2023). Entrepreneurship: Definitions, opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 42(5), 79-90.
  • Rusu, S., Isac, F., Cureteanu, R. & Csorba, L. (2012). Entrepreneurship and entrepreneur: a review of literature concepts. African Journal of Business Management. 6(10): 3570-3575.
  • Salman, M., Ganie, S. A., & Saleem, I. (2020). The concept of competence: a thematic review and discussion. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(6/7), 717-742.
  • Smith A. 1910. The Wealth of Nations. Knopf: New York.
  • Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, P. S. M. (1993). Competence at work models for superior performance. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
  • Talukder, A. & Saif, A. N. M. (2014). Employee motivation measurement-a descriptive analysis. Bangladesh Journal of MIS. 6(2): 122-131.
  • Tödtling, F., & Wanzenböck, H. (2003). Regional differences in structural characteristics of start-ups. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 15(4), 351-370.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942) Capitalism, socialism and democracy, https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/as/files/SKM_C45818012317090.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 11/08/2025
  • Tekin, E. (2021). Türkiye’de start-up ekosistemi üzerine bir değerlendirme. International Academic Journal. 5(1): 33-48.
  • Türk, A., & Erdur, D. A. (2022). Türkiye’de küresel doğan işletmelerin karşılaştıkları zorluklar ve izledikleri stratejiler. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetim Dergisi, 11(2), 86-120.
  • Unger, J. M., Rauch, A.& Frese, M. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 341 – 58.
  • Van Praag, C. M., & Versloot, P. H. (2007). The economic benefits and costs of entrepreneurship: A review of the research. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 65-154.
  • Venkataraman, S. (2019). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. In Seminal ideas for the next twenty-five years of advances (ss. 5-20). Emerald Publishing Limited. Weinert, F. E. (1999, April). Concepts of competence. OECD, OFS.
  • Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-56.
  • White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297-333.
  • Wortman, M. S. (1986). A unified framework, research typologies, and research prospectuses for the interface between entrepreneurship and small business. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, 273, 331.
  • Yaşar, R. Ş. (2019). Kalıpların dışına çıkmak: Yetkinlik odaklı muhasebe eğitimi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. (81): 85-100.
  • Yıldırım, Ü. B., Taş, M. A. & Çiçek, H. (2019). Yetkinlik algısı ve çalışan performansı ilişkisinde özsaygının aracılık etkisi. Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 10(20): 128-153.
  • Yılmaz, Z., İncekaş, E. (2018). Türkiye’de inovasyon ve bölgesel kalkınma. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2(1): 154-169.
  • Yücel, E., Sezgin, O. B. (2022). Akademik girişimcilik motivasyonları ve faaliyetleri üzerine nitel bir araştırma. İzmir İktisat Dergisi. 37(2): 536-564.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 182 - 202, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1833126

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acs, Z., & Armington, C. (2004). Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities. Regional Studies, 38(8), 911-927.
  • Adams, R., Jeanrenaud, S., Bessant, J., Denyer, D., & Overy, P. (2016). Sustainability‐oriented innovation: A systematic review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 18(2), 180-205.
  • Amiri, N. S. & Marimaei, M. R. (2012). Concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs traits and characteristics. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration. 2(7): 150-155.
  • Anderson, A. R., & Starnawska, M. (2008). Research practices in entrepreneurship: Problems of definition, description and meaning. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 9(4), 221-230.
  • Anilkumar, J., Bastray, T., Malhotra, N., & Basha, M. (2025). Human resource management in startups: challenges and best practices for entrepreneurial growth. Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa, 29(1), 269-281.
  • Audina, N., & Wening, N. (2025, September). The effect of employee engagament and work motivation on start-up employee performance with workforce agility as moderator. In The Fifth International Conference on Innovations Social Sciences Education and Engineering (Vol. 5, pp. 160-160).
  • Aydın, N. (2018). Nitel araştirma yöntemleri: etnoloji. Uluslararası Beşeri ve Sosyal Bilimler İnceleme Dergisi. 2(2): 60-71.
  • Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel araştirma süreci: nitel bir araştirma nasil yapilir. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 5(2): 368-388.
  • Baranskaitė, E., & Labanauskaitė, D. (2020). The concept of innovatıon in the approach to novelty, value creatıng, interactıon processes and socıal progress. Regional Formation & Development Studies, 31(2), 50-58.
  • Barrett, R., Neeson, R., & Billington, L. (2007). Finding the “right staff” in small firms. Education+ Training, 49(8/9), 686-697.
  • Baumol, W. J. (1983). Toward operational models of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship, 29- 47.
  • Baumol, W. J. (2002). Entrepreneurship, innovation and growth: The David-Goliath symbiosis. The Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance and Business Ventures, 7(2), 1-10.
  • Bekar, İ., Korkut, D. S. (2006). Girişimcinin özellikleri ve ekonomideki önemi. Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi. 2(2): 116-124.
  • Bernstein, S., Townsend, R. R., & Xu, T. (2024). Flight to safety: How economic downturns affect talent flows to startups. The Review of Financial Studies, 37(3), 837-881.
  • Bilgiseven, E.B. & Kasımoğlu, M. (2020). Start up girişimlerde girişimcilik niyeti üzerinde etikli olan faktörler arasindaki ilişkinin analizi. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4(7): 41-59.
  • Boudlaie, H., Mahdiraji, H. A., Jirandeh, M. S., & Jafari-Sadeghi, V. (2022). The role of human resource management in the growth of startups: a multiple case study from the perspective of entrepreneurs and employees. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 18(3), 307-324.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competent Manager: A Model For Effective Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. Ç., Kalkan, A., Koyuncu, O. & Alparslan, A. M. (2012). Türkiye’de girişimciliğin gelişimi: girişimciler üzerinde nitel bir araştirma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1(15): 229-247.
  • Budak, G. (2008). Yetkinliğe Dayalı Insan Kaynakları Yönetimi. İzmir: Barış Yayınları.
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  • Carree, M. A. & Thurik, A. R. (2005). Understanding the role of entrepreneurship for economic growth (No. 1005). Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy.
  • CB Insights (2021). The Top 12 Reasons Startups Fail. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cbinsights.com/research/report/startup-failure-reasons-top/ Erişim Tarihi: 11/08/2025
  • Cefis, E., & Marsili, O. (2006). Survivor: The role of innovation in firms’ survival. Research Policy, 35(5), 626-641.
  • Chen, S. H., Yang, C. C., Shiau, J. Y., Wang, H. H. (2006). The development of an employee satisfaction model for higher education. The TQM Magazine. 18(5): 484-500.
  • Colombo, M.G., Delmastro, M., Grilli, L. (2004). Entrepreneurs’ human capital and the start-up size of new technology based firms. International Journal of Industrial Organization. 22(2004): 1183-1211.
  • Çetinkaya, M. (2009). Yöneticilerin yönetsel yetkinlik algilamalarina ilişkin bir araştirma. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 11(2): 219-239.
  • Çiftçi, M. & Öztürk, U. C. (2013). Yetkinlik bazli personel seçme faaliyetleri ve türkiye’deki büyük ölçekli işletmelerin işgören seçme modeli tercihlerindeki eğilimler. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi. 13(25): 145-172.
  • Deka, D. (2024). Founder’s insights: Unveiling hr challenges in start-ups. NHRD Network Journal, 17(1-2), 36-39.
  • Drucker, P. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Durukan, T. (2006). Dünden bugüne girişimcilik ve 21. Yüzyilda girişimciliğin önemi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi. 1(2): 25-37.
  • Elçi, Ş. & Karataylı, İ. (2008). İnovasyon rehberi: Kârlılık ve rekabetin elkitabı. Technopolis Group Türkiye. 1-80.
  • Er, P. H. (2013). Girişimcilik ve yenilikçilik kavramlarinin iktisadi düşüncedeki yeri: Joseph A. Schumpeter. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 1(29): 75-85.
  • Eyel, C. Ş., Ünkaya, G. & Kaplan, B. (2019). İktisadi düşünce tarihi çerçevesinde girişimcilik kavraminin gelişimi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 18(35): 557-586.
  • Ferauge, P. (2012). A conceptual framework of corporate social responsibility and innovation. Global Journal of Business Research. 6(5): 85-96.
  • Foss, N. J. & Knudsen, C. (Eds) (1996), Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm, London: Routledge.
  • Garcia, R. & Calantone, R. (2002). A critical look at technological innovation typology and innovativeness terminology: a literature review. Journal of Product Innovation Management: An international publication of the product development & management association, 19(2), 110-132.
  • Gartner, W. B. (1990). What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship?. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(1), 15-28.
  • Gedeon, S. (2010). What is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial Practice Review. 1(3): 16-35.
  • Gordon, E., Natarajan, K. & Arora, A. (2017). Entrepreneurship Development. Mumbai, India: Himalaya Publishing House.
  • Granstrand, O. & Holgersson, M. (2020). Innovation ecosystems: A conceptual review and a new definition. Technovation. 90 102098.
  • Hager, P., & Gonczi, A. (1996). What is competence?. Medical Teacher, 18(1), 15-18.
  • Hoppe, M. (2016). The entrepreneurship concept– A short introduction. Högre Utbildning. 6(2): 95-108. Jafarnejad, A., Abbaszadeh, M. A., Ebrahimi, M. & Abtahi, S. M. (2013). Analysis of barriers to entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences. 2(4): 207-216.
  • Kanchana, L., & Jayathilaka, R. (2023). Factors impacting employee turnover intentions among professionals in Sri Lankan startups. Plos one, 18(2), e0281729.
  • Kavak, Ç. (2009). Bilgi ekonomisinde inovasyon kavrami ve temel göstergeleri. Akademik Bilişim’09 - XI. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı Bildirileri (ss. 617-628), Düzenleyen: Harran Üniversitesi. Şanlıurfa. 11-13 Şubat 2019.
  • Kitapcı, İ. (2019). Joseph Schumpeter’in girişimcilik ve inovasyon anlayişi: yaratici yikim kavrami ve geçmişten günümüze yansimalari. Journal of Empirical Economics and Social Sciences. 1(2): 54-74.
  • Klimas, P., Czakon, W., Kraus, S., Kailer, N. & Maalaoui, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial failure: A synthesis and conceptual framework of its effects. European Management Review. 18(1): 167-182.
  • Krenzi, L. (2020). How to optimize the Talent Acquisition Strategy and Recruitment Process in Swiss startups and young ventures to build a winning team?. Lisans Tezi, International Business Management, Cenevre
  • Le Deist, F. D., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence?. Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 27-46.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications.
  • Lippmann, S., Davis, A. & Aldrich, H. E. (2005). Entrepreneurship and Inequality. In Entrepreneurship (ss. 3-31), Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for" intelligence.". American Psychologist, 28(1), 1-14.
  • Meyer, N. & Jongh, J. (2018). The importance of entrepreneurship as a contributing factor to economic growth and development: The case of selected european countries. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. 10(4): 287-299.
  • Nakiboğlu, A. (2023). Girişimcilik düşüncesinin evrimi. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences. 9(3): 113-148.
  • Ndlovu, S. G., Radebe, T. N., Xulu, N. C. & Mlambo, V. H. (2023). Entrepreneurial mindset as a facilitator and barrier to entrepreneurship development: The mediating role of entrepreneurial culture. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review. 6(9): 170-182.
  • OECD (2017). Entrepreneurship at a Glance 2017. Erişim Adresi: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/entrepreneurship-at-a-glance-2017_entrepreneur_aag-2017-en.html Erişim Tarihi: 11/08/2025
  • Öz, S., Dindarik, N., & Duman, F. (2019). Schumpeteryan girişimcilik ve 21. yüzyıl girişimcilik yaklaşımları: y kuşağı girişimcileri üzerine nitel bir araştırma. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 1056-1091.
  • Picken, J.C. (2017). From Start-up to Scalable Enterprise: Laying the Foundation. Business Horizons. 60(2017): 587-595.
  • Özdemir, S., Arslan, S., & Özdemir, F. (2024). Türkiye’de start up girişimlerine bakış: Çanakkale ilinde bir vaka analizi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 8(2), 533-550.
  • Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (2003). The core competence of the corporation. International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, 163, 210-222.
  • Poston, B. (2009). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The Surgical Technologist. 41(8): 347-353.
  • Ramlall, S. (2004). A review of employee motivation theories and their implications for employee retention within organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business. 5(1/2): 52-63.
  • Ratten, V. (2023). Entrepreneurship: Definitions, opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 42(5), 79-90.
  • Rusu, S., Isac, F., Cureteanu, R. & Csorba, L. (2012). Entrepreneurship and entrepreneur: a review of literature concepts. African Journal of Business Management. 6(10): 3570-3575.
  • Salman, M., Ganie, S. A., & Saleem, I. (2020). The concept of competence: a thematic review and discussion. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(6/7), 717-742.
  • Smith A. 1910. The Wealth of Nations. Knopf: New York.
  • Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, P. S. M. (1993). Competence at work models for superior performance. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
  • Talukder, A. & Saif, A. N. M. (2014). Employee motivation measurement-a descriptive analysis. Bangladesh Journal of MIS. 6(2): 122-131.
  • Tödtling, F., & Wanzenböck, H. (2003). Regional differences in structural characteristics of start-ups. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 15(4), 351-370.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1942) Capitalism, socialism and democracy, https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/as/files/SKM_C45818012317090.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 11/08/2025
  • Tekin, E. (2021). Türkiye’de start-up ekosistemi üzerine bir değerlendirme. International Academic Journal. 5(1): 33-48.
  • Türk, A., & Erdur, D. A. (2022). Türkiye’de küresel doğan işletmelerin karşılaştıkları zorluklar ve izledikleri stratejiler. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetim Dergisi, 11(2), 86-120.
  • Unger, J. M., Rauch, A.& Frese, M. (2011). Human capital and entrepreneurial success: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Business Venturing, 26, 341 – 58.
  • Van Praag, C. M., & Versloot, P. H. (2007). The economic benefits and costs of entrepreneurship: A review of the research. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 65-154.
  • Venkataraman, S. (2019). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. In Seminal ideas for the next twenty-five years of advances (ss. 5-20). Emerald Publishing Limited. Weinert, F. E. (1999, April). Concepts of competence. OECD, OFS.
  • Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999). Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13(1), 27-56.
  • White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: the concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297-333.
  • Wortman, M. S. (1986). A unified framework, research typologies, and research prospectuses for the interface between entrepreneurship and small business. The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, 273, 331.
  • Yaşar, R. Ş. (2019). Kalıpların dışına çıkmak: Yetkinlik odaklı muhasebe eğitimi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. (81): 85-100.
  • Yıldırım, Ü. B., Taş, M. A. & Çiçek, H. (2019). Yetkinlik algısı ve çalışan performansı ilişkisinde özsaygının aracılık etkisi. Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 10(20): 128-153.
  • Yılmaz, Z., İncekaş, E. (2018). Türkiye’de inovasyon ve bölgesel kalkınma. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2(1): 154-169.
  • Yücel, E., Sezgin, O. B. (2022). Akademik girişimcilik motivasyonları ve faaliyetleri üzerine nitel bir araştırma. İzmir İktisat Dergisi. 37(2): 536-564.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Girişimcilik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hasancan Dağlar 0009-0002-9975-3215

Oytun Sezgin 0000-0002-6671-8053

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağlar, H., & Sezgin, O. (2025). Girişimlerin Yetkin Çalışan İstihdam Sorunu Üzerine Keşifsel Bir Araştırma. İzmir Yönetim Dergisi, 6(2), 182-202. https://doi.org/10.56203/iyd.1833126

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