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MOBILE INSTANT MESSAGING APPS: THE NEW CO-PARTICIPANTS IN FACE ENCOUNTERS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 11, 44 - 60, 29.01.2025

Öz

The existence of smartphones has certainly transformed the way individuals interact with each other in everyday life. This transformation is also evident in face encounters in public space where participants co-exist and interact with their mobile devices while they communicate with others. In this new social environment that intersects with the digital ecology that individuals belong to result in new patterns of behaviour that also change the nature of face encounters today. This study aims at exploring how WhatsApp, as the mostly used mobile instant messaging platform impact the way people interact with each other and how the social rules of conduct are constructed in the existence of continuous flows of information and content leaking into face encounters. The data was obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 25 undergraduate students in Türkiye. The results showed that WhatsApp messages are irresistible during social gatherings, which has led to a new set of social rules of conduct, a new working consensus among interactants in everyday life.

Kaynakça

  • Alonso-Muñoz L, Tirado-García, A. and Casero-Ripollés, A. (2022). Telegram in campaign: The use of mobile instant messaging services in electoral political communication. Communication & Society, 35(4), 71–88.
  • Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Delponti, P., Bonache, H., and Rodríguez-Wangüemert, C. (2023). Mobile instant messaging uses and technostress: a qualitative approach. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 39(15), 3003–3015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2090525
  • Balcı, Ş., and Kaya, E. (2021). Sosyal medyada algılanan sosyal desteğin, yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkinliği: üniversite gençliği araştırması. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi (36), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.988521
  • Bere, A., and Rambe, P. (2019). Understanding mobile learning using a social embeddedness approach: a case of instant messaging. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 15, 132-153.
  • Bonini T., Treré, E., Yu, Z., Singh, S., Cargnelutti, D. and López-Ferrández, F.J. (2023). Cooperative affordances: How instant messaging apps afford learning, resistance and solidarity among food delivery workers. Convergence, 30(1), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565231153505
  • Burchell K. (2015). Tasking the everyday: Where mobile and online communication take time. Mobile Media & Communication, 3(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157914546711
  • Coetzee, S.A., Schmulian, A. and Janse van Rensburg, C. (2023). The use of mobile instant messaging for peer feedback in online assessments for learning. Accounting Education, 32(5), 563–577.
  • Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Sage Publications.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Sage Publication. EBSCOhost, 0-search.ebscohost.com.opac.bilgi.edu.tr/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat03166a&AN=bil.b1176734&site=eds-live.
  • Çelik, A. and Arslan, S. (2023). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin anlık mesajlaşma ortamında matematik öğrenme deneyimine ilişkin görüşleri. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(37), 95-115.
  • Çetinkaya, L., and Sütçü, S. S. (2019). Students’ success in english vocabulary acquisition through multimedia annotations sent via Whatsapp. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(4), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.640517
  • Çubukçu, C., and Aktürk, C. (2021). University students’ privacy concerns towards social media platforms: Whatsapp contract change. Veri Bilimi, 4(2), 72-79.
  • Ergün Elverici, S. (2021). Ergenlerin mobil teknolojilere yönelik tutumları: İngilizce derslerinde Whatsapp örneği. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 144-160. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.783325
  • Ezra, O., Toren, A., Tadmor, O., and Katorza, E. (2020). Secure instant messaging application in prenatal care. Journal of Medical Systems, 44, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01552-3.
  • Ferraz, R., Furquim, T., Kaczam, F., Veiga, C., Moura, G., Silva, W., and Su, Z. (2023). Mobile instant messaging as an interaction tool in the business context. Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcmars-06-2022-0013.
  • Flores-Salgado, E., and Castineira-Benitez, T. A. (2018). The use of politeness in WhatsApp discourse and move ‘requests.’ Journal of Pragmatics, 133, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.06.009
  • Gergen, K. J. (2002). The challenge of absent presence. In J. E. Katz and M. Aakhus (Eds.), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance. 227-241. Cambridge University Press.
  • Giordano, V., Koch, H., Godoy-Santos, A., Belangero, W., Pires, R., & Labronici, P. (2017). WhatsApp Messenger as an adjunctive tool for telemedicine: an overview. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 6 (2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2196/ijmr.6214.
  • Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. The Free Press.
  • Goffman, E. (2019) Etkileşim ritüelleri: yüz yüze davranış üzerine denemeler. 2. Baskı (trans. A. Bölükbaşı). Heretik.
  • Göçer, A., and Karadağ, B. F. (2020). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde Whatsapp uygulamasının kullanımının sözcük öğretimi bakımından işlevselliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(46), 322-340.
  • Göncü, S. (2018). Kullanımlar ve doyumlar yaklaşımı çerçevesinde y kuşağının Whatsapp kullanımı üzerine bir inceleme. TRT Akademi, 3(6), 590-612.
  • Gülnar, B., and Öztat, F. (2020). Aile içi yüz yüze iletişim, internet ve sosyal medya kullanım ilişkisi. Kurgu, 28(1), 31-42.
  • Humphreys, L. (2005). Cellphones in public: Social interactions in a wireless era. New Media & Society, 7(6), 810-833.
  • Hurbean, L., Wong, L.H.M., Ou, C.X.J., Davison, R.M. and Dospinescu, O. (2023). Instant messaging, interruptions, stress and work performance. Information Technology & People, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2022-0656
  • Ictech, B. (2019). Smartphones and face‐to‐face interaction: Digital cross‐talk during encounters in everyday life. Symbolic Interaction, 42(1), 27–45.
  • Jia, C. and Hew, K.F.T. (2022). Supporting lower-level processes in EFL listening: The effect on learners’ listening proficiency of a dictation program supported by a mobile instant messaging app. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(1–2),141-168.
  • Kartal, G. (2019). What’s up with WhatsApp? A critical analysis of mobile instant messaging research in language learning. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 6(2), 352-365. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.599138
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  • Kaye, L.K. and Quinn, S. (2020). Psychosocial outcomes associated with engagement with online chat systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36(2), 190–198.
  • Klein, A., Junior, J., Silva, J., Barbosa, J., & Baldasso, L. (2018). The educational affordances of mobile instant messaging (MIM): Results of Whatsapp® Used in Higher Education. International Journal of Distance Education Technology, 16, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2018040104.
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  • Martinengo, L., Spinazze, P., and Car, J. (2020). Mobile messaging with patients. BMJ, 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m884.
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  • Nurdiyani, N., and Sasongko, S. (2022). Students’ politeness to lecturers in whatsapp application measured using leech maxim. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v4i2.107-121
  • Ou, C.X.J., Davison, R.M., Zhong, X. and Liang, Y. (2010). Empowering employees through instant messaging. Information Technology & People, 23(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/09593841011052165
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MOBİL MESAJ UYGULAMALARI: GÜNDELİK YAŞAMDA YÜZ İRTİBATLARINDA (KARŞILAŞMALAR) YENİ ORTAK KATILIMCILAR

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 11, 44 - 60, 29.01.2025

Öz

Akıllı telefonların varlığı, bireylerin günlük yaşamda birbirleriyle etkileşim kurma biçimlerini önemli ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Bu dönüşüm, kamusal alanda yüz yüze karşılaşmalarda da kendini gösterir. Bireyler kamusal alanda mobil cihazları eşliğinde bulunuşlarının yanında bu cihazlarla da etkileşim içindedirler. Bireylerin ait oldukları dijital ekolojinin kesiştiği bu yeni sosyal ortam yeni davranış kalıplarının doğmasına neden olurken aynı zamanda günümüzün yüz irtibatlarının (karşılaşmalarının) doğasını değiştirmiştir. Bu çalışma, en çok kullanılan mobil mesajlaşma platformu olan WhatsApp'ın insanların birbirleriyle etkileşimlerini nasıl etkilediğini ve yüz yüze karşılaşmalara sürekli sızan bilgi ve içerik akışının varlığında sosyal davranış kurallarının nasıl inşa edildiğini keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın verileri, Türkiye'deki 25 lisans öğrencisiyle yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşmelerden elde edilmiştir. WhatsApp mesajlarının yüz irtibatı (karşılaşmalar) sırasında karşı konulmaz güçte olduğu ve buna bağlı olarak yeni bir dizi sosyal davranış kuralları ortaya çıkarken bu kurallara dair gündelik yaşamda etkileşimde bulunanlar arasında bir mutabakatın oluştuğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Alonso-Muñoz L, Tirado-García, A. and Casero-Ripollés, A. (2022). Telegram in campaign: The use of mobile instant messaging services in electoral political communication. Communication & Society, 35(4), 71–88.
  • Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Delponti, P., Bonache, H., and Rodríguez-Wangüemert, C. (2023). Mobile instant messaging uses and technostress: a qualitative approach. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 39(15), 3003–3015. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2090525
  • Balcı, Ş., and Kaya, E. (2021). Sosyal medyada algılanan sosyal desteğin, yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkinliği: üniversite gençliği araştırması. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi (36), 47-71. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.988521
  • Bere, A., and Rambe, P. (2019). Understanding mobile learning using a social embeddedness approach: a case of instant messaging. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 15, 132-153.
  • Bonini T., Treré, E., Yu, Z., Singh, S., Cargnelutti, D. and López-Ferrández, F.J. (2023). Cooperative affordances: How instant messaging apps afford learning, resistance and solidarity among food delivery workers. Convergence, 30(1), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565231153505
  • Burchell K. (2015). Tasking the everyday: Where mobile and online communication take time. Mobile Media & Communication, 3(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157914546711
  • Coetzee, S.A., Schmulian, A. and Janse van Rensburg, C. (2023). The use of mobile instant messaging for peer feedback in online assessments for learning. Accounting Education, 32(5), 563–577.
  • Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research. Sage Publications.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Sage Publication. EBSCOhost, 0-search.ebscohost.com.opac.bilgi.edu.tr/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat03166a&AN=bil.b1176734&site=eds-live.
  • Çelik, A. and Arslan, S. (2023). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin anlık mesajlaşma ortamında matematik öğrenme deneyimine ilişkin görüşleri. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(37), 95-115.
  • Çetinkaya, L., and Sütçü, S. S. (2019). Students’ success in english vocabulary acquisition through multimedia annotations sent via Whatsapp. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(4), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.640517
  • Çubukçu, C., and Aktürk, C. (2021). University students’ privacy concerns towards social media platforms: Whatsapp contract change. Veri Bilimi, 4(2), 72-79.
  • Ergün Elverici, S. (2021). Ergenlerin mobil teknolojilere yönelik tutumları: İngilizce derslerinde Whatsapp örneği. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 144-160. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.783325
  • Ezra, O., Toren, A., Tadmor, O., and Katorza, E. (2020). Secure instant messaging application in prenatal care. Journal of Medical Systems, 44, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-020-01552-3.
  • Ferraz, R., Furquim, T., Kaczam, F., Veiga, C., Moura, G., Silva, W., and Su, Z. (2023). Mobile instant messaging as an interaction tool in the business context. Journal of Contemporary Marketing Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/jcmars-06-2022-0013.
  • Flores-Salgado, E., and Castineira-Benitez, T. A. (2018). The use of politeness in WhatsApp discourse and move ‘requests.’ Journal of Pragmatics, 133, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.06.009
  • Gergen, K. J. (2002). The challenge of absent presence. In J. E. Katz and M. Aakhus (Eds.), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance. 227-241. Cambridge University Press.
  • Giordano, V., Koch, H., Godoy-Santos, A., Belangero, W., Pires, R., & Labronici, P. (2017). WhatsApp Messenger as an adjunctive tool for telemedicine: an overview. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 6 (2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2196/ijmr.6214.
  • Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings. The Free Press.
  • Goffman, E. (2019) Etkileşim ritüelleri: yüz yüze davranış üzerine denemeler. 2. Baskı (trans. A. Bölükbaşı). Heretik.
  • Göçer, A., and Karadağ, B. F. (2020). Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde Whatsapp uygulamasının kullanımının sözcük öğretimi bakımından işlevselliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(46), 322-340.
  • Göncü, S. (2018). Kullanımlar ve doyumlar yaklaşımı çerçevesinde y kuşağının Whatsapp kullanımı üzerine bir inceleme. TRT Akademi, 3(6), 590-612.
  • Gülnar, B., and Öztat, F. (2020). Aile içi yüz yüze iletişim, internet ve sosyal medya kullanım ilişkisi. Kurgu, 28(1), 31-42.
  • Humphreys, L. (2005). Cellphones in public: Social interactions in a wireless era. New Media & Society, 7(6), 810-833.
  • Hurbean, L., Wong, L.H.M., Ou, C.X.J., Davison, R.M. and Dospinescu, O. (2023). Instant messaging, interruptions, stress and work performance. Information Technology & People, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2022-0656
  • Ictech, B. (2019). Smartphones and face‐to‐face interaction: Digital cross‐talk during encounters in everyday life. Symbolic Interaction, 42(1), 27–45.
  • Jia, C. and Hew, K.F.T. (2022). Supporting lower-level processes in EFL listening: The effect on learners’ listening proficiency of a dictation program supported by a mobile instant messaging app. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(1–2),141-168.
  • Kartal, G. (2019). What’s up with WhatsApp? A critical analysis of mobile instant messaging research in language learning. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 6(2), 352-365. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.599138
  • Kartal, G. (2022). Evaluating a mobile instant messaging tool for efficient large-class speaking instruction. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2022.2074463
  • Katz, J. E. and Aakhus, M.A. (2002). Conclusion: Making meaning of mobiles – a theory of Apparatgeist. In J. E. Katz and M. Aakhus (Eds.), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance, 301-318, Cambridge University Press.
  • Kaye, L.K. and Quinn, S. (2020). Psychosocial outcomes associated with engagement with online chat systems. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36(2), 190–198.
  • Klein, A., Junior, J., Silva, J., Barbosa, J., & Baldasso, L. (2018). The educational affordances of mobile instant messaging (MIM): Results of Whatsapp® Used in Higher Education. International Journal of Distance Education Technology, 16, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDET.2018040104.
  • Kneidinger-Müller, B. (2017). Mobile communication as invader in face-to-face interactions: An analysis of predictors for parallel communication habits. Computer in Human Behavior, 73, 328-335.
  • Martinengo, L., Spinazze, P., and Car, J. (2020). Mobile messaging with patients. BMJ, 368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m884.
  • Martínez-Comeche, J.-A. and Ruthven, I. (2023). Informational features of WhatsApp in everyday life in Madrid: An exploratory study. Journal of Information Science, 49(1), 122-132.
  • Montag, C., Błaszkiewicz, K., Sariyska, R., Lachmann, B., Andone, I., Trendafilov, B., Eibes, M., & Markowetz, A. (2015). Smartphone usage in the 21st century: who is active on WhatsApp? BMC Research Notes, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1280-z
  • Nurdiyani, N., and Sasongko, S. (2022). Students’ politeness to lecturers in whatsapp application measured using leech maxim. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v4i2.107-121
  • Ou, C.X.J., Davison, R.M., Zhong, X. and Liang, Y. (2010). Empowering employees through instant messaging. Information Technology & People, 23(2), 193-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/09593841011052165
  • Presti, L., Maggiore, G., Marino, V., and Resciniti, R. (2021). Mobile instant messaging apps as an opportunity for a conversational approach to marketing: a segmentation study. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing. https://doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2020-0121.
  • Roitman, Y., and Yeshua-Katz, D. (2021). WhatsApp group as a shared resource for coping with political violence: The case of mothers living in an ongoing conflict area. Mobile Media & Communication, 10, 3 - 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579211021455.
  • Safieddine, F., and Nakhoul, I. (2021). Mobile instant messaging (M.I.M) in improving s.m.e. in manufacturing: case study. Wireless Personal Communications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08307-4.
  • Shalihah, M., and Zuhdi, M. N. (2020). Language politeness in students’ text messages sent to the lecturers through WhatsApp application: A sociopragmatic study. EnJourMe (English Journal of Merdeka): Culture, Language, and Teaching of English, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.26905/enjourme.v5i2.4926
  • Sheer, V.C. and Rice, R.E. (2017). Mobile instant messaging use and social capital: Direct and indirect associations with employee outcomes. Information & Management, 54(1), 90-102.
  • Soares, C.D.M., Joia, L.A., Altieri, D. and Lander Regasso, J.G. (2021). What’s up? Mobile instant messaging apps and the truckers′ uprising in Brazil. Technology in Society, 64, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101477 Soria, S., Gutiérrez-Colón, M. and Frumuselu, A.D. (2020). Feedback and mobile instant messaging: Using WhatsApp as a feedback tool in EFL. International Journal of Instruction, 13(1), 797-812.
  • Suárez-Lantarón, B., Deocano-Ruíz, Y., García-Perales, N., and Castillo-Reche, I. S. (2022). The Educational Use of WhatsApp. Sustainability, 14(17), 10510. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710510
  • Sun, J., and Lee, S. (2021). Flooded with too many messages? Predictors and consequences of instant messaging fatigue. Information Technology & People, 35, 2026-2042. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-03-2021-0239.
  • Şahan, Ö., Çoban, M., and Razı, S. (2016). Students learn English idioms through WhatsApp: Extensive use of smartphones. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 1230-1251. https://doi.org/10.17556/jef.72045
  • Şen, R., and Koç Akgül, S. (2023). WhatsApp dayanışma grupları ve iletişim uygulamaları: 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 6(4), 1410-1428. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1291956
  • Tang, C.M. and Bradshaw, A. (2020). Instant messaging or face-to-face? How choice of communication medium affects team collaboration environments. E-Learning and Digital Media, 17(2), 111-130.
  • Tang, Y., and Hew, K. (2017). Is Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM) useful in education? Examining its technological, pedagogical, and social affordances. Educational Research Review, 21, 85-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EDUREV.2017.05.001.
  • Tang, Y. and Hew, K.F. (2022). Effects of using mobile instant messaging on student behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19, 1–22.
  • Verma, M.K. and Yuvaraj, M. (2023). What’s up in WhatsApp research: A comprehensive analysis of 12,948 papers indexed in Dimensions.ai. Library Hi Tech, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-11-2023-0525
  • Vermeer, S.A.M., Kruikemeier, S., Trilling, D. and de Vreese, C.H. (2021). WhatsApp with politics?!: Examining the effects of interpersonal political discussion in instant messaging apps. International Journal of Press/Politics, 26(2), 410-437.
  • Yaşar, İ. H., and Uğurhan, Y. Z. C. (2021). Sosyal medyada güven ve teyit: sosyal medya kullanım sıklığı bağlamında bir inceleme. İnönü Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi (İNİF E-Dergi), 6(1), 32-52. https://doi.org/10.47107/inifedergi.856506
  • Yazıcı, T. (2015). Place of interpersonal communication in the instant messaging application: A study on college students relating to the WhatsApp applications. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(4), 1102-1119. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279121
  • Yenilmez Kacar, G. (2023). The role of online communication platforms in maintaining social connectedness when face-to-face communication is restricted. Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 51, 421–436.
  • Zhao, S.Z., Luk, T.T., Guo, N., Wang, M.P., Lai, A.Y.K., Wong, B.Y.M., Fong, D.Y.T., Chan, S.S.C. and Lam, T.H. (2021). Association of mobile instant messaging chat group participation with family functioning and well-being: Population-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e18876 doi: 10.2196/18876.
  • INTERNET SOURCES
  • Mobisad (2023) Mobil iletişim sektörü raporu 2023. Retrieved from chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://mobisad.org/wp-content/uploads/rapor-2023.pdf on 9 April 2024.
  • Statista (2022) Penetration of leading social networks in Turkey Q3 2021. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/284503/turkey-social-network-penetration/ on 18 July 2022.
  • TÜİK (2023) Survey on information and communication technology (ICT) usage in households and by Individuals 2023. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Survey-on-Information-and-Communication-Technology-%28ICT%29-Usage-in-Households-and-by-Individuals-2023-49407 on 29 August 2023.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Teknolojisi ve Dijital Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tüge Gülşen 0000-0001-6980-7011

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülşen, T. (2025). MOBILE INSTANT MESSAGING APPS: THE NEW CO-PARTICIPANTS IN FACE ENCOUNTERS IN EVERYDAY LIFE. Yeni Yüzyıl’da İletişim Çalışmaları, 3(11), 44-60.