Türkiye’de Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Yapısal Kırılmaları Dikkate Alan Güncel Ekonometrik Teknikler
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18
Atilla Aydın
,
Burcu Kıran Baygın
Öz
Günümüzde geçerli olan küresel ekonomi anlayışı çerçevesinde dış ticaret, ülke ekonomileri açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye ekonomisi için dış ticaretle ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmanın veri aralığı, 1970-2023 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan Zivot-Andrews ve Narayan-Popp birim kök testlerı ile Maki eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Türkiye ekonomisi için ihracata dayalı büyüme ve büyümeye dayalı ihracat hipotezleri doğrulanamamıştır. İthalata dayalı büyüme ve büyümeye dayalı ithalat hipotezleri ise geçerli bulunmuştur. Çalışmadan elde edilen diğer bir bulguya göre Türkiye ekonomisi için ihracata dayalı ithalat ve ithalata dayalı ihracat hipotezleri geçerlidir. Ayrıca çalışmanın sonucunda elde edilen bulgular çerçevesinde politika önerileri getirilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- ACET, H., ERDOĞAN, S & KÖKSAL, M. (2016), İthalat, ihracat ve büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye uygulaması, Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16(31), 145-161.
- AYDIN, A. (2024), Yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan güncel ekonometrik teknikler: Kırılgan beşli ülkelerinde ihracata ve ithalata dayalı büyüme hipotezinin sınanması, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- BALASSA, B. (1978), Exports and economic growth: Further evidence, Journal of Development Economics, 5, 181-189.
- BARRO, R.J. & SALA-I MARTIN, X. (1995), Economic growth, McGraw-Hill, Inc. U.S.A.
- BATIZ, R.L. & ROMER, P. (1991), Economic integration and endogenous growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), 531 – 556.
- BHAGWATI, J. (1978), Anatomy and consequences of exchange control regimes, liberalization attempts and consequences. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
- BORATAV, K. (2015), Türkiye iktisat tarihi, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
- ÇAVDAR, T. (2004), Türkiye’nin demokrasi tarihi (1950’den günümüze), Ankara, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
- DICKEY, D. A. & FULLER, W. A. (1979), Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
- DICKEY, D.A. & FULLER, W.A.(1981), Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), ss.1057 1072.
- ENGLE, R.F. & GRANGER, C.W.J. (1987), Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing, Econometrica, 55/2, 251-276.
- ERDOĞAN, S. (2006), Türkiye'nin ihracat yapısındaki değişme ve büyüme ilişkisi: koentegrasyon ve nedensellik testi uygulaması, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2006(1), 30-39, Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kmusekad/issue/10227/125766
- FEDER, G. (1982), On export and economic growth, Journal of Development Economics, 12 (1-2), 59 - 73.
- GREGORY, A.W. & HANSEN, B.E. (1996), Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts, Journal of Econometrics, 70/1, 99-126.
- HATEMI-J, A. (2008), Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market integration, Empirical Economics, 35/3, 497-505.
- İŞCAN, İ.H. & DEMİREL, T. (2020), The relationship of economic growth, export and ımport in Turkey: A cointegration analysis, Eskisehir International Conference on Economics (September 10-12, 2020) Sempozyumunda Sunulan Bildiri, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir.
- JOHANSEN, S. (1988), Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
- KAPETANIOS, G. (2005). Unit‐root testing against the alternative hypothesis of up to m structural breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 26(1), 123-133.
- KARDAŞLAR, A. (2022), Türkiye’de ihracata dayalı büyüme hipotezi geçerliliğinin yeniden incelenmesi, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 29(3), 443-461, DOI: 10.18657/yonveek.1061941
- KOTİL, H. & KONUR, F. (2010), The relationship between growth and foreign trade in Turkey: A Granger causality approach (1989-2007), Middle Eastern Finance And Economics 1(6), 32-40.
- KRUEGER, A.O. (1978), Foreign trade regimes and economic develeopment, liberalization attempts and consequences, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York
- KRUGMAN, P.R., 1984 Import Protection as export promotion. In H. Kierzkowski (ed.), Monopolistic Competition in International Trade, pp. 180 – 93, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- KURT, S. & TERZİ, H. (2007), İmalat sanayi dış ticareti verimlilik ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 25-46
- KWIATKOWSKI, D., PHILLIPS, P. C. B., SCHMIDT, P. & SHIN, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root, Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
- LEE, J. & STRAZICICH, M.C. (2003), Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics 85(4), 1082-1089.
- LEE, J. & STRAZICICH, M.C. (2004), Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root tests with one structural break, Appalachian State University Working Papers, 4/17, 1-15.
- LUMSDAINE, R. L. & PAPELL, D. H. (1997), Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 79: 212-218.
- MAKI, D. (2012), Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks, Economic Modelling, 29/5, 2011-2015.
- NARAYAN, P.K. & POPP, S. (2010), A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438.
- NELSON, C. & PLOSSER, C. (1982), Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: Some evidence and implıcations. Journal of Monetary Economics, (10), 139-169.
- ÖZATAY, F. (2019), Finansal krizler ve Türkiye, İstanbul, Doğan Kitap.
- ÖZTÜRK, İ. & ACARAVCI, A. (2010), Testing the export-led growth hypothesis: Empirical evidence from Turkey, The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(1): 245-254.
- PATTERSON, K. (2000), An introduction to applied econometrics: A time series approach, New York, Palgrave.
- PERRON, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica 57:1361-1401.
- PERRON, P. (1997). Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables, Journal of Econometrics, 80(2), pp.355-385.
- PHILLIPS, P.C.B & PERRON, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), ss.335 346.
- SCHMIDT, P. & PHILLIPS, P.C.B. (1992). LM tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), 257-287.
- TUNCER, İ. (2002), Türkiye’de ihracat, ithalat ve büyüme: Toda-Yamamoto yöntemiyle Granger nedensellik analizleri (1980-2000), Çukurova Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 9(9): 89-107.
- ZIVOT, E. & ANDREWS, D. (1992), Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business Economic Statistics. 10(3): 251-270.
Foreign Trade and Economic Growth in Türkiye: Recent Econometric Techniques Considering Structural Breaks
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 1 - 18
Atilla Aydın
,
Burcu Kıran Baygın
Öz
Within the framework of today's global economy, foreign trade is important for national economies. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between foreign trade and economic growth for the Turkish economy. The data range of the study is determined as 1970-2023. Zivot-Andrews and Narayan-Popp unit root tests that take into account structural breaks and Maki cointegration test are applied. According to the findings, the export-led growth and growth-led export hypotheses for the Turkish economy could not be confirmed. Import-led growth and growth-led import hypotheses are found to be valid. According to another finding of the study, export-led import and import-led export hypotheses are valid for the Turkish economy. In addition, policy recommendations have been made within the framework of the findings obtained as a result of the study.
Kaynakça
- ACET, H., ERDOĞAN, S & KÖKSAL, M. (2016), İthalat, ihracat ve büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye uygulaması, Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16(31), 145-161.
- AYDIN, A. (2024), Yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan güncel ekonometrik teknikler: Kırılgan beşli ülkelerinde ihracata ve ithalata dayalı büyüme hipotezinin sınanması, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- BALASSA, B. (1978), Exports and economic growth: Further evidence, Journal of Development Economics, 5, 181-189.
- BARRO, R.J. & SALA-I MARTIN, X. (1995), Economic growth, McGraw-Hill, Inc. U.S.A.
- BATIZ, R.L. & ROMER, P. (1991), Economic integration and endogenous growth, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), 531 – 556.
- BHAGWATI, J. (1978), Anatomy and consequences of exchange control regimes, liberalization attempts and consequences. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
- BORATAV, K. (2015), Türkiye iktisat tarihi, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
- ÇAVDAR, T. (2004), Türkiye’nin demokrasi tarihi (1950’den günümüze), Ankara, İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
- DICKEY, D. A. & FULLER, W. A. (1979), Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
- DICKEY, D.A. & FULLER, W.A.(1981), Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), ss.1057 1072.
- ENGLE, R.F. & GRANGER, C.W.J. (1987), Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing, Econometrica, 55/2, 251-276.
- ERDOĞAN, S. (2006), Türkiye'nin ihracat yapısındaki değişme ve büyüme ilişkisi: koentegrasyon ve nedensellik testi uygulaması, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2006(1), 30-39, Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kmusekad/issue/10227/125766
- FEDER, G. (1982), On export and economic growth, Journal of Development Economics, 12 (1-2), 59 - 73.
- GREGORY, A.W. & HANSEN, B.E. (1996), Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts, Journal of Econometrics, 70/1, 99-126.
- HATEMI-J, A. (2008), Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market integration, Empirical Economics, 35/3, 497-505.
- İŞCAN, İ.H. & DEMİREL, T. (2020), The relationship of economic growth, export and ımport in Turkey: A cointegration analysis, Eskisehir International Conference on Economics (September 10-12, 2020) Sempozyumunda Sunulan Bildiri, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir.
- JOHANSEN, S. (1988), Statistical analysis of cointegrating vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-254.
- KAPETANIOS, G. (2005). Unit‐root testing against the alternative hypothesis of up to m structural breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 26(1), 123-133.
- KARDAŞLAR, A. (2022), Türkiye’de ihracata dayalı büyüme hipotezi geçerliliğinin yeniden incelenmesi, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 29(3), 443-461, DOI: 10.18657/yonveek.1061941
- KOTİL, H. & KONUR, F. (2010), The relationship between growth and foreign trade in Turkey: A Granger causality approach (1989-2007), Middle Eastern Finance And Economics 1(6), 32-40.
- KRUEGER, A.O. (1978), Foreign trade regimes and economic develeopment, liberalization attempts and consequences, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York
- KRUGMAN, P.R., 1984 Import Protection as export promotion. In H. Kierzkowski (ed.), Monopolistic Competition in International Trade, pp. 180 – 93, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- KURT, S. & TERZİ, H. (2007), İmalat sanayi dış ticareti verimlilik ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 25-46
- KWIATKOWSKI, D., PHILLIPS, P. C. B., SCHMIDT, P. & SHIN, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root, Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178.
- LEE, J. & STRAZICICH, M.C. (2003), Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. The Review of Economics and Statistics 85(4), 1082-1089.
- LEE, J. & STRAZICICH, M.C. (2004), Minimum lagrange multiplier unit root tests with one structural break, Appalachian State University Working Papers, 4/17, 1-15.
- LUMSDAINE, R. L. & PAPELL, D. H. (1997), Multiple trend breaks and the unit root hypothesis. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 79: 212-218.
- MAKI, D. (2012), Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks, Economic Modelling, 29/5, 2011-2015.
- NARAYAN, P.K. & POPP, S. (2010), A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438.
- NELSON, C. & PLOSSER, C. (1982), Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: Some evidence and implıcations. Journal of Monetary Economics, (10), 139-169.
- ÖZATAY, F. (2019), Finansal krizler ve Türkiye, İstanbul, Doğan Kitap.
- ÖZTÜRK, İ. & ACARAVCI, A. (2010), Testing the export-led growth hypothesis: Empirical evidence from Turkey, The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(1): 245-254.
- PATTERSON, K. (2000), An introduction to applied econometrics: A time series approach, New York, Palgrave.
- PERRON, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica 57:1361-1401.
- PERRON, P. (1997). Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables, Journal of Econometrics, 80(2), pp.355-385.
- PHILLIPS, P.C.B & PERRON, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), ss.335 346.
- SCHMIDT, P. & PHILLIPS, P.C.B. (1992). LM tests for a unit root in the presence of deterministic trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), 257-287.
- TUNCER, İ. (2002), Türkiye’de ihracat, ithalat ve büyüme: Toda-Yamamoto yöntemiyle Granger nedensellik analizleri (1980-2000), Çukurova Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 9(9): 89-107.
- ZIVOT, E. & ANDREWS, D. (1992), Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business Economic Statistics. 10(3): 251-270.