A Review: 7000 Years Of Building Structures

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 81 - 120, 31.10.2024

Görkem Arslan Kılınç

Öz

The purpose of this review article is to examine the changes and developments in structural systems and materials up to the present day through a holistic perspective, considering the societal dynamics of each period. The article includes a literature review and investigates the development of structures through the concepts of "structural system," "construction material," and "structural innovation." In selecting the structures discussed in the article, care has been taken to include those that pioneered new structure types, and/or materials for subsequent structures. The study covers an approximately 7,000-year period from the Neolithic era to the present. Therefore, within this broad time frame, the article provides brief/concise information on the concepts of "structural system," "construction material," and "structural innovation" about the examined structures. In the study, it is observed that until the Industrial Revolution, building construction was carried out using traditional materials and construction techniques. Moreover, faith was a major motivation in pushing the boundaries of construction techniques under the conditions of the time. This motivation changed with the Enlightenment era, as the new thought process resulting from the Industrial Revolution replaced the motivation of "faith" with "building for society" through new technological possibilities. New forms of society brought with them new construction technologies and typologies. This situation persisted until the late 20th century, but it changed with the use of computer technology in design and construction phases. Since then, structural concerns, which had been a significant constraint in building construction, have become less of a priority for designers. From this point of view, the article is structured as follows after the "Introduction" section: "Building for Faith: The Limits of Traditional Materials," "The Machine Age: Building in the Light of Modern Science and Engineering," and "Free from Structural Constraints: The Impact of Computers." In the conclusion, examples are listed according to the concepts of "structural system," "construction material," and "structural innovation," thereby presenting the results of the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Structural Systems, Building Materials, Traditional Construction Systems, Industrial Revolution, Computer Age.

Yapı Strüktürlerinin 7000 Yılı Üzerine İnceleme

Öz

Bu derleme makalesinin amacı, günümüze kadar olan sürede yapı strüktürlerinin ve strüktür malzemelerinin değişimini ve gelişimini döneminin toplumsal dinamikleriyle birlikte bütüncül bir bakışla incelemek ve strüktürlerin geçmişten günümüze gelişimini bu gelişime etkisi olan etmenlerle birlikte ortaya koymaktır. Makalede literatür araştırması gerçekleştirilmiş; strüktürlerin gelişimi "strüktür türü", "strüktür malzemesi" ve “strüktürel yenilik” kavramları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Makale kapsamında ele alınan yapıların seçiminde kendinden sonra gelecek yapılar için öncü rol oynayan yeni bir yapı tipolojisinin, strüktür türünün ve/veya strüktür malzemesinin öncüsü olan yapıların seçilmesine dikkat edilmiştir. Çalışma neolitik dönemden günümüze yaklaşık 7000 yıllık bir dönemi kapsamaktadır. Bu sebeple, bu geniş zaman aralığında gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada ele alınan yapılarda "strüktür türü", "strüktür malzemesi" ve “strüktürel yenilik” kavramlarına ilişkin kısa/öz bilgiler sunulmuştur. Araştırmada, endüstri devrimine kadar olan sürede yapı üretiminin geleneksel malzemeler ve geleneksel yapım sistemleri ile gerçekleştirildiği bununla beraber, inancın dönemin koşullarında yapım tekniklerinin sınırlarının zorlanmasında başlıca motivasyon kaynağı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu motivasyon aydınlanma çağı ile değişmiş, yeni düşünce biçiminin bir sonucu olan endüstri devriminin sağladığı yeni teknolojik olanaklarla “inanç” motivasyonunun yerini “toplum için inşa etmek” almıştır. Yeni toplum biçimleri yeni yapım teknolojilerini ve tipolojilerini de beraberinde getirmiştir. 20. Yy’nin ikinci yarısına kadar süren bu durum bilgisayar teknolojilerinin yapı üretiminde etkin olarak kullanılmasıyla değişmiş, bu dönemden sonra yapı üretiminde bu güne kadar önemli bir kısıt olan strüktürel kaygılar yapı tasarımcıları için öncelikli olmaktan çıkmıştır. Bu noktalardan hareketle makale, “giriş” bölümünden sonra "inanç için inşa etmek: doğal malzemelerin sınırları", "makine çağı: modern bilim ve mühendisliğin ışığında kentler" ve "strüktürel kısıtlardan uzak: bilgisayarın getirdikleri" başlıkları altında yapılandırılmıştır. Makalenin son bölümü olan sonuç bölümünde ele alınan örnekler yine "strüktür türü", "strüktür malzemesi" ve “strüktürel yenilik” kavramları ekseninde görselleştirilerek, çalışmanın sonuçları ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapı strüktürleri, Yapı malzemesi, Geleneksel yapım sistemleri, Endüstri devrimi, Bilgisayar çağı.

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

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