THE ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN A HIGHLY POLLUTED SYSTEM, GOLDEN HORN, TURKEY

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 57 - 71, 02.02.2015

Zeynep Dorak , Mustafa Temel

https://doi.org/10.3153/JAEFR15006

Öz

The Golden Horn Estuary (İstanbul) nutrient-rich,
eutrophic and turbid at the inner part based on discharges from Alibeyköy and
Kağıthane creeks. The pollution had been drastically increased by the accretion
in the industry and ur­ban development around the estuary since 1950s.  The Golden Horn rehabilitation project was
carried out during the 1998-2002 period. 
The present study was conducted following the rehabilitation process
between November 2002-October 2003 at selected four stations, three at the in­ner
part and one at the middle part of estuary. This is the first study on
zooplankton community in the Golden Horn Estuary. The seasonal variation of
zooplankton composition and density and 14 environmental variables
(temperature, salinity, Secchi disc depth, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen,
carbonate, bicarbonate,  calcium,
magnesium, total hardness, NO₂-N, NO₃-N, o-PO₄)
and Chlorophyll-a concentration,
which indicates the intensity of life in the Golden Horn Es­tuary have been
studied, monthly. A total of 29 taxa was identified. Zooplankton composition
was characterized by freshwater, estuarine and marine species. Zooplankton of
Golden Horn Estuary was composed mainly by holoplank­tonic organisms (53% of
the total), with Copepoda as the most abundant group and a high number of taxa.
Diversity were higher at all stations. A distinct
relationship between zooplankton taxa composition and their environment, deter­mined
by a redundancy analysis, indicated that the measured environmental variables
contributed to the variations in the zooplankton community structure to some
extent. Four envi­ronmental variables and Chlorophyll-a explained 73.7% of the variation in the taxonomic structure. The
results showed, that distribution of zooplankton was significantly associated total hardness, NO₂-N, NO₃-N,
temperature and Chloro­phyll-a
(p<0.05). 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Golden Horn Estuary, Redundancy analysis, Water quality, Zooplankton

Kaynakça

• Anderson, D.M., Gilbert, P.M., Burkholder, J.M. (2002): Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries, 25: 704-726.
• Anonymous, (2004): Water Pollution Regulation by the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Issued by Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, Official Gazette no: 25687 (in Turkish).
• APHA, (1989): APHA-AWWA WPCF. 1989. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 17th ed. Washington DC. 1391 p.
• Aslan-Yılmaz, A., Okuş, E., Övez, S. (2004): Bacteriological indicators of anthropogenic impact prior to and during the recovery of water quality in an extremely polluted estuary, Golden Horn, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 951-958.
• Ayón, P., Criales, M.I., Schwamborn, R., Hirche, H.J. (2008): Zooplankton research off Peru: A review. Oceanography, 79: 238-255.
• Attayde, J.L., Bozelli, R.L. (1998): Assessing the indicator properties of zooplankton assemblages to disturbance gradients by canonical correspondence analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55(8): 1789-1797.
• Baştürk, A., Öztürk, M., Erden, Ş., Dinçer, İ. (2001): Haliç’te Rehabilitasyon Projesi, Haliç 2001 Sempozyumu, 3-4 Mayıs 2001, İstanbul, İSKİ Yayın No:37,1-20.
• Bekleyen, A. (2001): A Taxonomical Study on the Rotifera Fauna of Devegeçidi Dam Lake (Diyarbakır-TURKEY). Turkish Journal of Zoolog, 25: 251-255.
• Benli, H.A., Tarkan, A.N., Sever, T.M. (2001): Comparison of the mesozooplankton composition the soutwestern Black Sea, Sea of Marmara and eastern Aegean Sea. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 7: 163-179.
• Bohn, T., Walczyk T, Leisibach S, Hurrell RF (2004) Chlorophyll-bound Magnesium in Commonly Consumed Vegetables and Fruits: Relevance to Magnesium Nutrition, Journal of Food Science, 69 (9).
• Boubee N (1969) Les Copepodes Des Eaux Continentales D’Europe Occidentale Tome II: Cyclopoides et Biologie. 3 Place Saint Andre des Arts Paris 6º.
• Boyd FC (1992) Water Quality and Pend Soil Analyses for Aquacultere. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Aubum University, Alabama.
• Brooks JL, Dodson SI (1965) Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science, 150, 28-35.
• Büyükateş Y, İnanmaz ÖE (2010) The Annual Mesozooplankton Dynamics and Influence of Environmental Parameters in an Urbanized Harbor (Kepez Harbor-Dardanelles Strait, Turkey. Ekoloji, 19, 74, 60-68.
• Chinnery FE, Williams JA (2004) The influence of temperature and salinity on Acartia (Copepoda: Calanoida) nauplii survival, Marine Biology, 145: 733-738.
• Cordeiro TA, Brandini FP, Martens P (1997) Spatial distribution of the Tintinnia (Ciliophora, Protista) in the North Sea, spring of 1986, Journal of Plankton Research, 23(9): 1009-1027.
• Conde-Porcuna, J.M., Ramos-Rodríguez, E., Pérez-Martínez, C. (2002): Correlations between nutrient concentrations and zooplankton populations in a mesotrophic reservoir. Freshwater Biology, 47(8): 1463-1473.
• Currie, D.J., Kalff, J. (1984): The relative importance of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in phosphorus uptake in freshwater. Limnology and Oceanography, 29(2): 311-321.
• Doğan, E., Sur, H.İ., Güven, K.C., Okuş, E., Yüksek, A., Uysal, A., Kıratlı, N., Balkıs, N., Ünlü, S., Altıok, H., Taş, S., Aslan, A., Yılmaz, N., Müftüoğlu, A.E., Cebeci, M. (2001): Water Quality Monitoring in Black Sea, Marmara Sea and the Strait of Istanbul, Final Report (2000). Submitted to: General Directorate of Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, İstanbul.
• Dolan, J.R., Gallegos, C. (2001): Estuarine diversity of tintinnids (planktonic ciliates), Journal of Plankton Research, 19(10): 1371-1383.
• Ergün, G. (1994): Distribution of Five Calanoid Copepod Species in the Southern Black Sea, ODTÜ Deniz Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Eylül 1994, İçel, Türkiye.
• Eyice, S. (1975): Tarihte Haliç. Haliç Sempozyumu. İTÜ. İnşaat Fakültesi İstanbul Geoteknik Sorunları Araştırma Grubu Sempozyumları No: 1 p. 263-307.
• Fisher, T.R., Carlson, P.R., Barker, R.T. (1982): Sediment nutrient regeneration in three North Carolina Estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 14(1): 101-118.
• Güher H (2003) Mert, Erikli, Haman ve Pedina Göllerinin (İğneada/Kırklareli) Zooplanktonik Organizmalarının Kommunite Yapısı. Ege University Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 20(1-2): 51-62.
• Hietala, J., Vakkilainen, K., Kairesalo, T. (2004): Community resistance and change to nutrient enrichment and fish manipulation in a vegetated lake littoral. Freshwater Biology, 49(12): 1525-1537.
• Hubareva, E., Svetlichy, L., Kıdeyş, A., İşinibilir, M. (2008): Fate of the Black Sea Acartia clausi and Acartia tonsa (Copepoda) penetrating into the Marmara Sea through the Bosphorus. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 76: 131-140.
• Kibirige, I., Perissinotto, R. (2003): The zooplankton community of the Mpenjati Estuary, a South African temporarily open/closed system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58: 727-741.
• Kolisko, W.R. (1974): Planktonic Rotifers Biology and Taxonomy Biological Station. Lunz of the Austrian Academy of Science, Stuttgart, 974 s.
• Korosi, J.B., Paterson, A.M., Desellas A.M., Smol, J.P. (2008): Linking mean body size of pelagic Cladocera to environmental variables in Precambrian Shield lakes: A paleolimnological approach. Journal of Limnology, 67(1): 22-34.
• Lawrence, D., Valiela, I., Tomasky, G. (2004): Estuarine calanoid copepod abundance in relation to season, salinity, and land-derived nitrogen loading, Waquoit Bay, MA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 61: 547-557.
• Modéran, J., Bouvais, P., David, V., Le Noc, S., Simon-Bouhet, B., Niquil, N., Miramand, P., Fichet, D. (2010): Zooplankton community structure in a highly turbid environment (Charente estuary, France): Spatio-temporal patterns and environmental control. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 88(2): 219-232.
• Mozdukhay, F.D. (1969): Identification Key for Fauna of the Black and azov Seas. Tomvtonoy uz Frelliving Invertebrates Arthropoda. Naukova Dunka publ., KIEV.
• Palin, A.T. (1955) Photometric determination of the colour and turbidity of water. Water & Water Engineering, 59: 341-345.
• Park, G.S., Marshall, H.G. (2000): Estuarine relationships between zooplankton community structure and trophic gradients. Journal of Plankton Research, 1: 121-135.
• Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y., Lalli, C.M. (1984): A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
• Pontin, M.R. (1978): A Key to the Freshwater Planktonic and Semi-Planktonic Rotifera of the British Isles. Freshwater Biological Association Scientific Publication, No: 38.
• Renner, E. (1970): Mathemetisch-statistische Methoden in der prektischen Anwendung. Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin-Hamburg.
• Rose, M. (1938): Faune de France Copepodes Pelagiques. Paris Paul Lechevarier.
• Rose, M., Tregouboff, G. (1957): Manuel de Plantonologie, Mediterraneenne Centre Natonal de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
• Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. (1949): The Mathematical Theory of Communication. The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
• Sláděcek, V. (1983): Rotifers as indicators of water quality. Hydrobiologia, 100(1): 169-201.
• Sterza, J.M., Fernandes, L.L. (2006): Zooplankton Community of the Vitória Bay Estuarine System (Southeastern Brazil). Characterization During a three-year study. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, 54(2/3): 95-105.
• Sun, T., Yang, Z.F., Shen, Z.Y., Zhao, R. (2009): Environmental flows for the Yangtze Estuary based on salinity objectives. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14: 2507-2518.
• Sur, H.I., Okuş, E., Sarıkaya, H.Z., Altıok, H., Eroğlu, V., Öztürk, I. (2002): Rehabilitation and water quality monitoring in the Golden Horn. Water Science and Technology, 46: 29-36.
• Tan, Y., Huang, L., Chen, Q., Huang, X. (2004): Seasonal variation in zooplankton composition and grazing impact on phytoplankton standingstock in the Pearl River Estuary, China. Continental Shelf Research, 24: 1949-1968.
• Tarkan, A.N., Ergüven, H. (1988): Marmara Denizinde Önemli Kopepod Türleri. Journal of Aquatic Product, 2: 71-84.
• Taş, S., Okuş, E. (2003): The Effects of Pollution on the Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Surface Water of the Golden Horn. Turkish Journal of Marine Sciences, 9(2): 163-176.
• Telesh, I.V. (2004): Plankton of the Baltic estuarine ecosystems with emphasis on Neva Estuary: a review of present knowledge and research perspectives. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 206-219.
• Ter Braak, C.J.F., Šmilauer, P. (2002): CANOCO Software for Canonical Comunity Ordination (Version 4.5). Biometris, Wageningen and Ceske Budejovice.
• Uriarte, I., Villate, F. (2004): Effects of pollution on zooplankton abundance and distribution in two estuaries of the Basque coast (Bay of Biscay). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 49: 220-228.
• Ünal, E., Shmeleva, A.A., Zagorodnyaya, J., Kıdeyş, A.E. (2000): Marmara Denizinin İlkbahar 1998’de Zooplankton Yapısı ve Kopepod Türleri. Marmara Denizi 2000 Sempozyumu, 11-12 Kasım 2000, İstanbul.
• Yüksek, A., Okuş, E., Yılmaz, İ.N., Yılmaz, A.A., Taş, S. (2006): Changes in biodiversity of the extremely polluted Golden Horn Estuary following the improvements in water quality. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52: 1209-1218.