Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls

Emmanuel Anaso; Ijeoma Chibuogwu

doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6

Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls

Abstract

This study examined the impact of camel’s foot essential oil, also known as Piliostigma thonningii seed essential oil (Milne–Rech seed essential oil, MSEO), on the reproductive performance of Bunaji bulls. Piliostigma thonningii was selected because its seeds are rich in bioactive phytochemicals, including phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which have demonstrated antioxidant, antimicrobial, and endocrine-modulating properties capable of enhancing testicular function, spermatogenesis, and semen quality. In addition, the plant is widely available in tropical savanna ecosystems, making it a cost-effective and sustainable phytogenic alternative to synthetic reproductive enhancers. A completely randomized design was used to allocate fifteen clinically healthy bulls (aged 22–24 months; average body weight: 160.55 ± 0.60 kg) to three dietary treatments. For 16 weeks, bulls were fed a common basal diet supplemented with 0 ml/kg MSEO (T1, control), 10 ml/kg MSEO (T2), or 20 ml/kg MSEO (T3). Dietary treatments did not affect semen pH or its creamy white coloration (P > 0.05). However, MSEO supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) sperm concentration and ejaculate volume, with T3 recording the highest values. Sperm motility, percentage of live sperm, and live-to-dead sperm ratio were significantly improved (P < 0.05) in T2 and T3 compared with the control. Conversely, bulls in T3 exhibited the lowest proportions of dead and morphologically abnormal sperm cells (P < 0.05). Percentages of normal sperm cells and certain sperm abnormalities, including midpiece droplet, coiled tail, detached head, free tail, and bent tail, were not significantly affected by dietary treatment (P > 0.05). Scrotal length and circumference increased significantly (P < 0.05) with MSEO inclusion, with the highest values observed in T3. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 20 ml/kg MSEO enhanced testicular development and semen quality without adverse effects, supporting its potential use as a natural, sustainable phytogenic alternative to synthetic reproductive enhancers in bull production systems.

Keywords

Piliostigma thonningii essential oil, Bunaji bulls, Reproductive performance, Semen quality, Scrotal traits, Natural feed additive

Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the Cofarms Green aid ethics comittee (approval no: 19/001/05; date: 2/12/2025).

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Emmanuel Anaso ^*
0009-0001-6886-8557
Nigeria

Ijeoma Chibuogwu This is me
0000-0002-8925-6883
Nigeria

Early Pub Date

March 11, 2026

Publication Date

March 11, 2026

Submission Date

October 6, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 14, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22XA22LC

APA

Anaso, E., & Chibuogwu, I. (2026). Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 10(1), 48-57. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6

AMA

1.Anaso E, Chibuogwu I. Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026;10(1):48-57. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6

Chicago

Anaso, Emmanuel, and Ijeoma Chibuogwu. 2026. “Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Rech Essential Oil Supplementation on Reproductive Performance, Semen Quality, and Fertility Indices in Bunaji Bulls”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 10 (1): 48-57. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6.

EndNote

Anaso E, Chibuogwu I (March 1, 2026) Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 10 1 48–57.

IEEE

[1]E. Anaso and I. Chibuogwu, “Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 48–57, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6.

ISNAD

Anaso, Emmanuel - Chibuogwu, Ijeoma. “Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Rech Essential Oil Supplementation on Reproductive Performance, Semen Quality, and Fertility Indices in Bunaji Bulls”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 10/1 (March 1, 2026): 48-57. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6.

JAMA

1.Anaso E, Chibuogwu I. Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026;10:48–57.

MLA

Anaso, Emmanuel, and Ijeoma Chibuogwu. “Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Rech Essential Oil Supplementation on Reproductive Performance, Semen Quality, and Fertility Indices in Bunaji Bulls”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 10, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 48-57, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6.

Vancouver

1.Emmanuel Anaso, Ijeoma Chibuogwu. Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2026 Mar. 1;10(1):48-57. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.6

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Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls

Effects of Piliostigma Thonningii (Schumach.) milne-rech essential oil supplementation on reproductive performance, semen quality, and fertility indices in bunaji bulls

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