Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation

Özlem Çakmakcı; Talip Çakmakcı

doi:10.31015/2025.4.19

Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation

Abstract

Soil salinity severely limits crop productivity by disrupting plant physiology and nutrient balance. This study examined the effects of biochar and seaweed extract on soil properties, nutrient uptake, and physiological responses of arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) under saline irrigation. A factorial experiment was conducted with two salinity levels (S0: tap water, 0.6 dS m⁻¹; S1: 3.1 dS m⁻¹ saline water), two biochar rates (B0: %0 biochar, B1: 2% biochar application), and two seaweed extract doses (SW0: no seaweed, SW1: 0.65 ml L⁻¹). Salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll (SPAD) and leaf relative water content (LRWC) while increasing electrolyte leakage (EL). Seaweed extract increased SPAD by 17%, LRWC by 7%, and reduced EL by 18%. Although the short-term physiological effects of biochar were limited, it improved nutrient balance, particularly for Ca, Mg, and Cu. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between soil and plant nutrient content and negative correlations between soil Na and plant Zn. The combined use of biochar and seaweed extract improved soil-plant interactions and reduced salt-induced stress. These findings indicate that integrating biochar and seaweed extract is an effective and sustainable strategy for enhancing the resilience and productivity of arugula under saline conditions.

Keywords

Biostimulant, Eruca sativa Mill, Nutrient uptake, Soil fertility, Sustainable agriculture

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Irrigation Water Quality, Vegetable Growing and Treatment, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Özlem Çakmakcı
0000-0001-6145-4442
Türkiye

Talip Çakmakcı ^*
0000-0001-5815-1256
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 26, 2025

Submission Date

October 26, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 5, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.4.19

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76WL55MH

APA

Çakmakcı, Ö., & Çakmakcı, T. (2025). Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 9(4), 1169-1180. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.4.19

AMA

1.Çakmakcı Ö, Çakmakcı T. Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9(4):1169-1180. doi:10.31015/2025.4.19

Chicago

Çakmakcı, Özlem, and Talip Çakmakcı. 2025. “Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 (4): 1169-80. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.4.19.

EndNote

Çakmakcı Ö, Çakmakcı T (December 1, 2025) Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 4 1169–1180.

IEEE

[1]Ö. Çakmakcı and T. Çakmakcı, “Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1169–1180, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.31015/2025.4.19.

ISNAD

Çakmakcı, Özlem - Çakmakcı, Talip. “Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9/4 (December 1, 2025): 1169-1180. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.4.19.

JAMA

1.Çakmakcı Ö, Çakmakcı T. Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9:1169–1180.

MLA

Çakmakcı, Özlem, and Talip Çakmakcı. “Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 9, no. 4, Dec. 2025, pp. 1169-80, doi:10.31015/2025.4.19.

Vancouver

1.Özlem Çakmakcı, Talip Çakmakcı. Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025 Dec. 1;9(4):1169-80. doi:10.31015/2025.4.19

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Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation

Combined Effects of Biochar and Seaweed Extract on Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Physiological Responses of Arugula under Saline Irrigation

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