Closure of Göbekli Tepe: Erosion?
Yıl 2021,
, 385 - 392, 15.09.2021
İbrahim Yenigün
,
Muharrem Oral
,
Mahmut Karaçizmeli
,
Sinan Uyanık
Öz
With the discovery of Göbekli Tepe, Urfa has proven to be one of the oldest settlement in history and has been named "Zero Point of History" due to this feature. What happened in the history left countless artifacts and historical mysterious in Urfa and turned it into an open-air museum. One of the most important current mystery is why the life of Göbekli Tepe disappeared. It is an important fact that civilizations disappear not only for reasons such as war, but also due to environmental problems and sometimes, on the contrary, they have survived for many years. Based on these facts; this study aimed to draw attention to the issue of "erosion", which continues to be a major environmental threat and problem for today's world, and this issue has been studied specifically for Göbekli Tepe. In the light of all this information, an answer was sought for the question of whether Göbekli Tepe was undergrounded by human or natural means.
Teşekkür
For their contributions to the study; endless thanks to Harran University Rector Prof. Dr. M. Sabri Çelik, to Harran University Göbekli Tepe working group, to Göbekli Tepe Science Board Member and Head of Karahantepe Excavation Prof. Dr. Necmi Karul and to MSc. Arch. Esra Tuğalan.
Kaynakça
- Atar, B. (2017), ‘The Journey of Our Food Wheat, formerly to the Future’, University of Suleyman Demirel Yalvac Academy Journal, 2 (1): 1-12. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yalvac/issue/32621/335464
- Atar, B. (2017), ‘The Journey of Our Food Wheat, formerly to the Future’, University of Suleyman Demirel Yalvac Academy Journal, 2 (1): 1-12. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yalvac/issue/32621/335464
- Baykal, H. and Baykal, T. (2008), ‘Environmental Problems in a Globalizing World’, Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Vol:5, Issue:9. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijshs/issue/39160/460862
- Baykal, H. and Baykal, T. (2008), ‘Environmental Problems in a Globalizing World’, Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Vol:5, Issue:9. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijshs/issue/39160/460862
- Blanco, H. and Lal, R. (2008), ‘Principles of Soil Conservation and Management’, Springer, pp. 493. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0110br
- Blanco, H. and Lal, R. (2008), ‘Principles of Soil Conservation and Management’, Springer, pp. 493. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0110br
- Clare, L., Dietrich, O. and Notroff, J. (2015), ‘Göbekli Tepe- Türkei, Die Arbeiten der ahre 2014 (Herbst) und 2015’, e-Forschugsberichte des DAI, 3: 149-151.Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/1644/4551
- Clare, L., Dietrich, O. and Notroff, J. (2015), ‘Göbekli Tepe- Türkei, Die Arbeiten der ahre 2014 (Herbst) und 2015’, e-Forschugsberichte des DAI, 3: 149-151.Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/1644/4551
- Clare, L., Kinzel, M., Sönmez, D. and Uludağ, C. (2019), ’Göbekli Tepe: UNESCO Dünya Miras Alanı ve Değişen Yaklaşımlar’, Journal of Architecture, 405. Retrieved from http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=419&RecID=4613
- Clare, L., Kinzel, M., Sönmez, D. and Uludağ, C. (2019), ’Göbekli Tepe: UNESCO Dünya Miras Alanı ve Değişen Yaklaşımlar’, Journal of Architecture, 405. Retrieved from http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=419&RecID=4613
- Clare, L. (2020), ‘Göbekli Tepe, Turkey: A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015-2019)’, Berlin: Deutsches Archeologisches Institute. Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/2596/7095
- Clare, L. (2020), ‘Göbekli Tepe, Turkey: A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015-2019)’, Berlin: Deutsches Archeologisches Institute. Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/2596/7095
- Çanga, M.R. (2016), ‘Kişisel Akademik sayfası, Toprak Erozyonu ders notları-pdf’. (in Turkish). Retrieved from http://cv.ankara.edu.tr/duzenleme/kisisel/dosyalar/09022016131015.pdf
- Çanga, M.R. (2016), ‘Kişisel Akademik sayfası, Toprak Erozyonu ders notları-pdf’. (in Turkish). Retrieved from http://cv.ankara.edu.tr/duzenleme/kisisel/dosyalar/09022016131015.pdf
- Dietrich, O., Schmidt, K., Kürkçüoğlu, C. and Notroff, J. (2014), ‘Göbekli Tepe: Preliminary Report on the 2012 and 2013 Excavation Seasons’, Neo-Lithics, Vol:1/14, pp. 11-17. Retrieved from https://www.exoriente.org/repository/NEO-LITHICS/NEO-LITHICS_2014_1.pdf
- Dietrich, O., Schmidt, K., Kürkçüoğlu, C. and Notroff, J. (2014), ‘Göbekli Tepe: Preliminary Report on the 2012 and 2013 Excavation Seasons’, Neo-Lithics, Vol:1/14, pp. 11-17. Retrieved from https://www.exoriente.org/repository/NEO-LITHICS/NEO-LITHICS_2014_1.pdf
- Erol, O. (1971), ‘‘Geomorphological Evidence of the Withdrawal Phases of Pluvial Lakes in the Konya, Tuzgölü and Burdur Basins’, Ankara U.D.T.C.F., Journal of Geographical Studies, Ankara, (3-4). (in Turkish).
- Erol, O. (1971), ‘‘Geomorphological Evidence of the Withdrawal Phases of Pluvial Lakes in the Konya, Tuzgölü and Burdur Basins’, Ankara U.D.T.C.F., Journal of Geographical Studies, Ankara, (3-4). (in Turkish).
- Gül, F. (2013), ‘Environmental Problems and Philosophy in the Context of Human-Nature Relationship’, Pamukkale University, Journal of Social Sciences, Issue:14, p. 17-21. Retrieved from https://www.journalagent.com/pausbed/pdfs/PAUSBED_6_14_17_21.pdf
- Gül, F. (2013), ‘Environmental Problems and Philosophy in the Context of Human-Nature Relationship’, Pamukkale University, Journal of Social Sciences, Issue:14, p. 17-21. Retrieved from https://www.journalagent.com/pausbed/pdfs/PAUSBED_6_14_17_21.pdf
- Herrmann, R. and Schmidt, K. (2012), ‘Göbekli Tepe – Untersuchungen zur Gewinnung und Nutzung von Wasser im Bereich des steinzeitlichen Bergheiligtums’, Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden/Westfalen, pp. 57-67.
- Karabıçak, M. ve Armağan, R. (2004), ‘‘Emergence of Environmental Problems, Foundations of Environmental Management and Its Economic Effects’, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 9(2): 203-228. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/20842/223417
- Karabıçak, M. ve Armağan, R. (2004), ‘‘Emergence of Environmental Problems, Foundations of Environmental Management and Its Economic Effects’, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 9(2): 203-228. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/20842/223417
- Kayan, A. (2018), ‘Raising Awareness to Environmental Issues through Education’, Journal of Awareness, (3), special issue. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/662246
- Kayan, A. (2018), ‘Raising Awareness to Environmental Issues through Education’, Journal of Awareness, (3), special issue. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/662246
- Kurt, A. O. (2017), ‘The First Temple in Anatolia’, Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 21(2): 1107-1138. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.334942
- Kurt, A. O. (2017), ‘The First Temple in Anatolia’, Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 21(2): 1107-1138. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.334942
- Orgiazzi, A. et al. (2016), ‘Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas’, European Union, (Luxembourg, pp. 128-129. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2788 /799182
- Orgiazzi, A. et al. (2016), ‘Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas’, European Union, (Luxembourg, pp. 128-129. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2788 /799182
- Özdoğan, M. and Özdoğan, A. (1998), ‘Buildings of Cult and the Cult of Buildings, G. Arsebük et al. (edt), Light in Karatepe’, Ege publications, Istanbul, pp. 581-593.
- Özdoğan, M. and Özdoğan, A. (1998), ‘Buildings of Cult and the Cult of Buildings, G. Arsebük et al. (edt), Light in Karatepe’, Ege publications, Istanbul, pp. 581-593.
- Pimentel, D. and Kounang, N. (1998), ‘Ecology of Soil Erosion in Ecosystems’, Ecosystems1, pp. 416-426.
- Schmidt, K. (2011), ‘‘Göbekli Tepe Excavation 2010 Report, 33rd Excavation Results Meeting’, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums Publication No:155-3, Ankara.
- Schmidt, K. (2011), ‘‘Göbekli Tepe Excavation 2010 Report, 33rd Excavation Results Meeting’, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums Publication No:155-3, Ankara.
- Tüfekçioğlu, M. and Yavuz, M. (2016), ‘‘Estimation of Surface Erosion, Soil Loss and Erosion in Yusufeli Micro-Catchment (Artvin), University of Artvin Coruh, Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 17 (2): 188-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.47342
- Tüfekçioğlu, M. and Yavuz, M. (2016), ‘‘Estimation of Surface Erosion, Soil Loss and Erosion in Yusufeli Micro-Catchment (Artvin), University of Artvin Coruh, Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 17 (2): 188-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.47342
- Yenigün, İ. (2017), ‘Environmental History in the Light of Current Comparative Evaluations’, PhD Thesis, University of Harran, Institute of Science, Sanliurfa, pp. 140.
- Yenigün, İ. (2017), ‘Environmental History in the Light of Current Comparative Evaluations’, PhD Thesis, University of Harran, Institute of Science, Sanliurfa, pp. 140.
Yıl 2021,
, 385 - 392, 15.09.2021
İbrahim Yenigün
,
Muharrem Oral
,
Mahmut Karaçizmeli
,
Sinan Uyanık
Kaynakça
- Atar, B. (2017), ‘The Journey of Our Food Wheat, formerly to the Future’, University of Suleyman Demirel Yalvac Academy Journal, 2 (1): 1-12. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yalvac/issue/32621/335464
- Atar, B. (2017), ‘The Journey of Our Food Wheat, formerly to the Future’, University of Suleyman Demirel Yalvac Academy Journal, 2 (1): 1-12. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yalvac/issue/32621/335464
- Baykal, H. and Baykal, T. (2008), ‘Environmental Problems in a Globalizing World’, Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Vol:5, Issue:9. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijshs/issue/39160/460862
- Baykal, H. and Baykal, T. (2008), ‘Environmental Problems in a Globalizing World’, Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Vol:5, Issue:9. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijshs/issue/39160/460862
- Blanco, H. and Lal, R. (2008), ‘Principles of Soil Conservation and Management’, Springer, pp. 493. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0110br
- Blanco, H. and Lal, R. (2008), ‘Principles of Soil Conservation and Management’, Springer, pp. 493. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0110br
- Clare, L., Dietrich, O. and Notroff, J. (2015), ‘Göbekli Tepe- Türkei, Die Arbeiten der ahre 2014 (Herbst) und 2015’, e-Forschugsberichte des DAI, 3: 149-151.Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/1644/4551
- Clare, L., Dietrich, O. and Notroff, J. (2015), ‘Göbekli Tepe- Türkei, Die Arbeiten der ahre 2014 (Herbst) und 2015’, e-Forschugsberichte des DAI, 3: 149-151.Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/1644/4551
- Clare, L., Kinzel, M., Sönmez, D. and Uludağ, C. (2019), ’Göbekli Tepe: UNESCO Dünya Miras Alanı ve Değişen Yaklaşımlar’, Journal of Architecture, 405. Retrieved from http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=419&RecID=4613
- Clare, L., Kinzel, M., Sönmez, D. and Uludağ, C. (2019), ’Göbekli Tepe: UNESCO Dünya Miras Alanı ve Değişen Yaklaşımlar’, Journal of Architecture, 405. Retrieved from http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=419&RecID=4613
- Clare, L. (2020), ‘Göbekli Tepe, Turkey: A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015-2019)’, Berlin: Deutsches Archeologisches Institute. Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/2596/7095
- Clare, L. (2020), ‘Göbekli Tepe, Turkey: A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015-2019)’, Berlin: Deutsches Archeologisches Institute. Retrieved from https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/2596/7095
- Çanga, M.R. (2016), ‘Kişisel Akademik sayfası, Toprak Erozyonu ders notları-pdf’. (in Turkish). Retrieved from http://cv.ankara.edu.tr/duzenleme/kisisel/dosyalar/09022016131015.pdf
- Çanga, M.R. (2016), ‘Kişisel Akademik sayfası, Toprak Erozyonu ders notları-pdf’. (in Turkish). Retrieved from http://cv.ankara.edu.tr/duzenleme/kisisel/dosyalar/09022016131015.pdf
- Dietrich, O., Schmidt, K., Kürkçüoğlu, C. and Notroff, J. (2014), ‘Göbekli Tepe: Preliminary Report on the 2012 and 2013 Excavation Seasons’, Neo-Lithics, Vol:1/14, pp. 11-17. Retrieved from https://www.exoriente.org/repository/NEO-LITHICS/NEO-LITHICS_2014_1.pdf
- Dietrich, O., Schmidt, K., Kürkçüoğlu, C. and Notroff, J. (2014), ‘Göbekli Tepe: Preliminary Report on the 2012 and 2013 Excavation Seasons’, Neo-Lithics, Vol:1/14, pp. 11-17. Retrieved from https://www.exoriente.org/repository/NEO-LITHICS/NEO-LITHICS_2014_1.pdf
- Erol, O. (1971), ‘‘Geomorphological Evidence of the Withdrawal Phases of Pluvial Lakes in the Konya, Tuzgölü and Burdur Basins’, Ankara U.D.T.C.F., Journal of Geographical Studies, Ankara, (3-4). (in Turkish).
- Erol, O. (1971), ‘‘Geomorphological Evidence of the Withdrawal Phases of Pluvial Lakes in the Konya, Tuzgölü and Burdur Basins’, Ankara U.D.T.C.F., Journal of Geographical Studies, Ankara, (3-4). (in Turkish).
- Gül, F. (2013), ‘Environmental Problems and Philosophy in the Context of Human-Nature Relationship’, Pamukkale University, Journal of Social Sciences, Issue:14, p. 17-21. Retrieved from https://www.journalagent.com/pausbed/pdfs/PAUSBED_6_14_17_21.pdf
- Gül, F. (2013), ‘Environmental Problems and Philosophy in the Context of Human-Nature Relationship’, Pamukkale University, Journal of Social Sciences, Issue:14, p. 17-21. Retrieved from https://www.journalagent.com/pausbed/pdfs/PAUSBED_6_14_17_21.pdf
- Herrmann, R. and Schmidt, K. (2012), ‘Göbekli Tepe – Untersuchungen zur Gewinnung und Nutzung von Wasser im Bereich des steinzeitlichen Bergheiligtums’, Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden/Westfalen, pp. 57-67.
- Karabıçak, M. ve Armağan, R. (2004), ‘‘Emergence of Environmental Problems, Foundations of Environmental Management and Its Economic Effects’, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 9(2): 203-228. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/20842/223417
- Karabıçak, M. ve Armağan, R. (2004), ‘‘Emergence of Environmental Problems, Foundations of Environmental Management and Its Economic Effects’, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 9(2): 203-228. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/20842/223417
- Kayan, A. (2018), ‘Raising Awareness to Environmental Issues through Education’, Journal of Awareness, (3), special issue. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/662246
- Kayan, A. (2018), ‘Raising Awareness to Environmental Issues through Education’, Journal of Awareness, (3), special issue. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/662246
- Kurt, A. O. (2017), ‘The First Temple in Anatolia’, Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 21(2): 1107-1138. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.334942
- Kurt, A. O. (2017), ‘The First Temple in Anatolia’, Cumhuriyet Theology Journal, 21(2): 1107-1138. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.334942
- Orgiazzi, A. et al. (2016), ‘Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas’, European Union, (Luxembourg, pp. 128-129. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2788 /799182
- Orgiazzi, A. et al. (2016), ‘Global Soil Biodiversity Atlas’, European Union, (Luxembourg, pp. 128-129. Doi: https://doi.org/ 10.2788 /799182
- Özdoğan, M. and Özdoğan, A. (1998), ‘Buildings of Cult and the Cult of Buildings, G. Arsebük et al. (edt), Light in Karatepe’, Ege publications, Istanbul, pp. 581-593.
- Özdoğan, M. and Özdoğan, A. (1998), ‘Buildings of Cult and the Cult of Buildings, G. Arsebük et al. (edt), Light in Karatepe’, Ege publications, Istanbul, pp. 581-593.
- Pimentel, D. and Kounang, N. (1998), ‘Ecology of Soil Erosion in Ecosystems’, Ecosystems1, pp. 416-426.
- Schmidt, K. (2011), ‘‘Göbekli Tepe Excavation 2010 Report, 33rd Excavation Results Meeting’, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums Publication No:155-3, Ankara.
- Schmidt, K. (2011), ‘‘Göbekli Tepe Excavation 2010 Report, 33rd Excavation Results Meeting’, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums Publication No:155-3, Ankara.
- Tüfekçioğlu, M. and Yavuz, M. (2016), ‘‘Estimation of Surface Erosion, Soil Loss and Erosion in Yusufeli Micro-Catchment (Artvin), University of Artvin Coruh, Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 17 (2): 188-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.47342
- Tüfekçioğlu, M. and Yavuz, M. (2016), ‘‘Estimation of Surface Erosion, Soil Loss and Erosion in Yusufeli Micro-Catchment (Artvin), University of Artvin Coruh, Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, 17 (2): 188-199. Doi: https://doi.org/10.17474/acuofd.47342
- Yenigün, İ. (2017), ‘Environmental History in the Light of Current Comparative Evaluations’, PhD Thesis, University of Harran, Institute of Science, Sanliurfa, pp. 140.
- Yenigün, İ. (2017), ‘Environmental History in the Light of Current Comparative Evaluations’, PhD Thesis, University of Harran, Institute of Science, Sanliurfa, pp. 140.