BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey)

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 70 - 81, 01.04.2013

Levent Bat Fatih Şahin Murat Sezgin Funda Üstün Oylum Gökkurt Baki Hasan Can Öztekin

Öz

Abstract In the present study, heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni and Fe) have been measured in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) collected from Samsun coasts in the Black Sea coast of Turkey in 2010. Variations of heavy metal concentrations with seasons are compared. Cd and Pb concentrations in C. crangon were the lowest heavy metal concentrations, while Fe concentrations were highest level observed in all seasons. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni and Fe were in the range of 0.228-0.481, 0.291-0.491, 5.85-14.77, 18-36, 0.24-0.61, 6-15, 2-6 and 30-58 μg.g-1 wet weight, respectively. In general the heavy metal findings in the brown shrimp were below the Turkish Food Codex, Commission Regulation (EC) and MAFF maximum permitted levels for human consumption. It is concluded that the brown shrimps are suitable biomonitors to assess changes in metal pollution in the coastal area of the Black Sea.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Key words: Heavy metal Crangon crangon Black Sea food codex

Kaynakça

  • Altas, L., Büyükgüngör, H. (2007) Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environmental Geology 52 (3): 469-476.
  • Altaş, L., Orhan, Y., Büyükgüngör, H. (2001) Investigation of land-based pollution parameters in the surface water and shores through the Samsun City.
  • In: Third Black Sea International Conference, Environmental Protection Technologies for Coastal Areas, Bulgaria, p. 535. Anonymous (1995) Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. Acceptable levels for chemical and microbiological contaminants in fresh, chilled, frozen and processed fish. (Notification No: 95/6533, Issue: 22223) (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous (2006) Official Journal of the European Union. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in food stuffs. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006: 364, 5-24.
  • Anonymous (2008) Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. Notifications about maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Turkish Food Codex
  • (Notification No: 2008 / 26, Issue: 26879) (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous (2012) Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. About Turkish Food
  • Codex Notifications about maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Notification No: 2008/26) repealed. (Notification No: 2012/21,
  • Issue: 28227) (in Turkish).
  • Bakan, G., Büyükgüngör, H. (2000). The Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 41(1-6): 24
  • Bakan, G., Özkoç, B. H., Tülek, S., Cüce1, H. (2010) Integrated environmental quality assessment of the Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment. Turkish
  • Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 10: 453-462. Bat, L., Gökkurt, O., Sezgin, M., Üstün, F., Şahin, F. (2009) Evaluation of the Black Sea land based sources of pollution the coastal region of Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal 3: 112-124.
  • Bat, L., Gündoğdu, A., Öztürk, M., Öztürk, M. (1999) Copper, zinc, lead and cadmium concentrations in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
  • Lamarck 1819 from Sinop coast of the Black Sea. Tr. J. Zoology 23: 321-326.
  • Bat, L., Üstün, F., Gökkurt-Baki, O. (2012) Trace element concentrations in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 caught from
  • Sinop coast of the Black Sea, Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal 6: 1-5. Bellinger, E. G., Benham, B. R. (1978) The levels of metals in dock-yard sediments with particular reference to the contributions from ship-bottom paints. Environ. Pollut. 15: 71-81.
  • Bernhard, M. (1976) Manual of Methods in the Aquatic Environment Research.
  • FAO Fisheries Technical Paper FIRI/T No. 158, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. Bilgin, S., Gönlügür Demirci, G. (2005) The shrimps of the Sinop coasts of the Black Sea, Turkey. F. Ü. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Der. 17 (1): 143-150 (in Turkish).
  • Bryan, G. W. (1976) Some aspects of heavy metal tolerance in aquatic organisms. In: Effects of Pollutants on Aquatic Organisms. (ed., A. P. M.
  • Lockwood), Cambridge University Press, pp. 7-34. Bryan, G. W., Langston, W. J. (1992) Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review. Environ. Pollut. 76: 89-131.
  • Buchanan, J. B. (1984) Sediment analysis. In: Methods for the Study of Marine
  • Benthos. (eds., N.A. Holme, A.D. McIntyre), Blackwell Sci. Publ., pp. 41-65. Cattrijsse, A., Dankwa, H. R., Mees, J. (1997) Nursery function of an estuarine tidal marsh for the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. J. Sea Res. 38: 109-121.
  • Cresser, M. S. (1994) Flame spectrometry in environmental chemical analysis:
  • A practical guide. N. Barnett (series ed.), RSC Analytical Spectroscopy Monographs. Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. Culshawa, C., Newtona, L.C., Weirb, I., Birda, D. J. (2002) Concentrations of
  • Cd, Zn and Cu in sediments and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK. Mar. Environ. Res. 54: 331-334. Fish, J. D., Fish, S. A. (1996) A Student’s Guide to the Seashore. Second
  • Edition. Inst. of Bio. Sci., Univ. of Wales, Aberystwyth, England. p. 473. Gökoğlu, N., Yerlikaya, P., Gökoğlu, M. (2008) Trace elements in edible tissues of three shrimp species (Penaeus semisulcatus, Parapenaeus longirostris and Paleomon serratus). Sci. Food Agric. 88: 175-178.
  • Hufnag, M., Temming, A., Dänhardt, A., Perger, R. (2010) Is Crangon crangon
  • (L. 1758, Decapoda, Caridea) food limited in the Wadden Sea. J. Sea Res. 64: 386-400.
  • Jung, K., Zauke, G. P. (2008) Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the German Wadden Sea.
  • Aquatic Toxicology 88: 243-249. Kurt, B. P., Özkoç, H. B. (2004) A survey to determine levels of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in mussels and seawater from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of
  • Turkey. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48: 1076-1083.
  • Lajunen, L. H. J. (1992) Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
  • Langston, W. J., Spence, S. K. (1994) Metal analysis. In: Handbook of
  • Ecotoxicology. (ed., P. Calow), Oxford Blackwell Sci. Publ., pp. 45-78. MAFF (1995) Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea, 1993, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, Aquatic Environment
  • Monitoring Report, No. 44. Marx, H., Brunner, B. (1998) Heavy metal contamination of North Sea shrimp
  • (Crangon crangon L.). Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch A. 207: 273-275. Oh, C. W., Hartnoll, R. G., Nash, R. D. M. (2001) Feeding ecology of the common shrimp Crangon crangon in Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man, Irish Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 214: 211-223.
  • O'Sullivan, A. J. (1971) Ecological effects of sewage discharge in the marine environment. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 177 (B): 331-351.
  • Özkan, E. Y., Büyükışık, B. (2012) Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji 21, 83: 11-24.
  • Öztürk, M., Bat, L., Öztürk, M. (1996) The heavy metal levels in Palaemon elegans Rathke 1837, collected from Sinop coast of the Black Sea. Agriculture and Environmental Relations Symposium, 13-15 May, Mersin University,
  • Faculty of Engineering, Mersin, pp. 366-373. Phillips, D. J. H. (1977) The use of biological indicator organisms to monitor trace metal pollution in marine and estuarine environments. A review. Environ. Pollut. 13: 281-317.
  • Phillips, D. J. H., Rainbow, P. S. (1994) Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic
  • Contaminants. Environmental Management Series, Chapman and Hall, 371pp. Pihl, L., Rosenberg, R. (1984) Food selection and consumption of the shrimp
  • Crangon crangon in some shallow marine areas in western Sweden. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15: 159-168. Pinn, E. H., Ansell, A. D. (1993) The effect of particle size on the burying ability of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 73: 365-3
  • Plagmann, J. (1939) Ernährungsbiologie der Garnele (Crangon vulgaris Fabr.).
  • Helgol Wiss Meeresunters 2: 113-162. Rainbow, P. S. (1988) The significance of trace metal concentrations in decapods. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 59: 291-313.
  • Rainbow, P. S. (1997) Ecophysiology of trace metal uptake in crustaceans. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 44: 169-175.
  • Szaniawska, A. (1983) Seasonal changes in energy content of Crangon crangon
  • L. (Cristacea, Decapoda). Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 30: 45-56. Turkish Statistical Institute (2011) Available at http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ balikcilikdagitimapp/ alikcilik.zul (accessed 24 Aug. 2011)
  • Underwood, E. J. (1977) Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th edition. Academic Press, New York.
  • Ünsal, M., Beşiktepe, Ş. (1994) A preliminary study on the metal content of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk.) in the Eastern Black Sea. Tr. J. Zoology 18: 265-271.
  • Young, D. R., Alexander, G. V., McDermott-Ehrlich, D. (1979) Vessel-related contamination of Southern California Harbours by copper and other metals. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 10: 50-56.
  • Zar, J. H. (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. Second edition. Prentice Hall, Int., New Jersey.

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1, 70 - 81, 01.04.2013

Levent Bat Fatih Şahin Murat Sezgin Funda Üstün Oylum Gökkurt Baki Hasan Can Öztekin

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altas, L., Büyükgüngör, H. (2007) Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environmental Geology 52 (3): 469-476.
  • Altaş, L., Orhan, Y., Büyükgüngör, H. (2001) Investigation of land-based pollution parameters in the surface water and shores through the Samsun City.
  • In: Third Black Sea International Conference, Environmental Protection Technologies for Coastal Areas, Bulgaria, p. 535. Anonymous (1995) Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. Acceptable levels for chemical and microbiological contaminants in fresh, chilled, frozen and processed fish. (Notification No: 95/6533, Issue: 22223) (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous (2006) Official Journal of the European Union. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in food stuffs. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006: 364, 5-24.
  • Anonymous (2008) Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. Notifications about maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Turkish Food Codex
  • (Notification No: 2008 / 26, Issue: 26879) (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous (2012) Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey. About Turkish Food
  • Codex Notifications about maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs (Notification No: 2008/26) repealed. (Notification No: 2012/21,
  • Issue: 28227) (in Turkish).
  • Bakan, G., Büyükgüngör, H. (2000). The Black Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 41(1-6): 24
  • Bakan, G., Özkoç, B. H., Tülek, S., Cüce1, H. (2010) Integrated environmental quality assessment of the Kızılırmak River and its coastal environment. Turkish
  • Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 10: 453-462. Bat, L., Gökkurt, O., Sezgin, M., Üstün, F., Şahin, F. (2009) Evaluation of the Black Sea land based sources of pollution the coastal region of Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal 3: 112-124.
  • Bat, L., Gündoğdu, A., Öztürk, M., Öztürk, M. (1999) Copper, zinc, lead and cadmium concentrations in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis
  • Lamarck 1819 from Sinop coast of the Black Sea. Tr. J. Zoology 23: 321-326.
  • Bat, L., Üstün, F., Gökkurt-Baki, O. (2012) Trace element concentrations in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 caught from
  • Sinop coast of the Black Sea, Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal 6: 1-5. Bellinger, E. G., Benham, B. R. (1978) The levels of metals in dock-yard sediments with particular reference to the contributions from ship-bottom paints. Environ. Pollut. 15: 71-81.
  • Bernhard, M. (1976) Manual of Methods in the Aquatic Environment Research.
  • FAO Fisheries Technical Paper FIRI/T No. 158, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. Bilgin, S., Gönlügür Demirci, G. (2005) The shrimps of the Sinop coasts of the Black Sea, Turkey. F. Ü. Fen ve Müh. Bil. Der. 17 (1): 143-150 (in Turkish).
  • Bryan, G. W. (1976) Some aspects of heavy metal tolerance in aquatic organisms. In: Effects of Pollutants on Aquatic Organisms. (ed., A. P. M.
  • Lockwood), Cambridge University Press, pp. 7-34. Bryan, G. W., Langston, W. J. (1992) Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: a review. Environ. Pollut. 76: 89-131.
  • Buchanan, J. B. (1984) Sediment analysis. In: Methods for the Study of Marine
  • Benthos. (eds., N.A. Holme, A.D. McIntyre), Blackwell Sci. Publ., pp. 41-65. Cattrijsse, A., Dankwa, H. R., Mees, J. (1997) Nursery function of an estuarine tidal marsh for the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. J. Sea Res. 38: 109-121.
  • Cresser, M. S. (1994) Flame spectrometry in environmental chemical analysis:
  • A practical guide. N. Barnett (series ed.), RSC Analytical Spectroscopy Monographs. Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. Culshawa, C., Newtona, L.C., Weirb, I., Birda, D. J. (2002) Concentrations of
  • Cd, Zn and Cu in sediments and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, UK. Mar. Environ. Res. 54: 331-334. Fish, J. D., Fish, S. A. (1996) A Student’s Guide to the Seashore. Second
  • Edition. Inst. of Bio. Sci., Univ. of Wales, Aberystwyth, England. p. 473. Gökoğlu, N., Yerlikaya, P., Gökoğlu, M. (2008) Trace elements in edible tissues of three shrimp species (Penaeus semisulcatus, Parapenaeus longirostris and Paleomon serratus). Sci. Food Agric. 88: 175-178.
  • Hufnag, M., Temming, A., Dänhardt, A., Perger, R. (2010) Is Crangon crangon
  • (L. 1758, Decapoda, Caridea) food limited in the Wadden Sea. J. Sea Res. 64: 386-400.
  • Jung, K., Zauke, G. P. (2008) Bioaccumulation of trace metals in the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the German Wadden Sea.
  • Aquatic Toxicology 88: 243-249. Kurt, B. P., Özkoç, H. B. (2004) A survey to determine levels of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in mussels and seawater from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of
  • Turkey. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48: 1076-1083.
  • Lajunen, L. H. J. (1992) Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and Emission. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
  • Langston, W. J., Spence, S. K. (1994) Metal analysis. In: Handbook of
  • Ecotoxicology. (ed., P. Calow), Oxford Blackwell Sci. Publ., pp. 45-78. MAFF (1995) Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea, 1993, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, Aquatic Environment
  • Monitoring Report, No. 44. Marx, H., Brunner, B. (1998) Heavy metal contamination of North Sea shrimp
  • (Crangon crangon L.). Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch A. 207: 273-275. Oh, C. W., Hartnoll, R. G., Nash, R. D. M. (2001) Feeding ecology of the common shrimp Crangon crangon in Port Erin Bay, Isle of Man, Irish Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 214: 211-223.
  • O'Sullivan, A. J. (1971) Ecological effects of sewage discharge in the marine environment. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 177 (B): 331-351.
  • Özkan, E. Y., Büyükışık, B. (2012) Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji 21, 83: 11-24.
  • Öztürk, M., Bat, L., Öztürk, M. (1996) The heavy metal levels in Palaemon elegans Rathke 1837, collected from Sinop coast of the Black Sea. Agriculture and Environmental Relations Symposium, 13-15 May, Mersin University,
  • Faculty of Engineering, Mersin, pp. 366-373. Phillips, D. J. H. (1977) The use of biological indicator organisms to monitor trace metal pollution in marine and estuarine environments. A review. Environ. Pollut. 13: 281-317.
  • Phillips, D. J. H., Rainbow, P. S. (1994) Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic
  • Contaminants. Environmental Management Series, Chapman and Hall, 371pp. Pihl, L., Rosenberg, R. (1984) Food selection and consumption of the shrimp
  • Crangon crangon in some shallow marine areas in western Sweden. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15: 159-168. Pinn, E. H., Ansell, A. D. (1993) The effect of particle size on the burying ability of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 73: 365-3
  • Plagmann, J. (1939) Ernährungsbiologie der Garnele (Crangon vulgaris Fabr.).
  • Helgol Wiss Meeresunters 2: 113-162. Rainbow, P. S. (1988) The significance of trace metal concentrations in decapods. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 59: 291-313.
  • Rainbow, P. S. (1997) Ecophysiology of trace metal uptake in crustaceans. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 44: 169-175.
  • Szaniawska, A. (1983) Seasonal changes in energy content of Crangon crangon
  • L. (Cristacea, Decapoda). Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii 30: 45-56. Turkish Statistical Institute (2011) Available at http://www.tuik.gov.tr/ balikcilikdagitimapp/ alikcilik.zul (accessed 24 Aug. 2011)
  • Underwood, E. J. (1977) Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 4th edition. Academic Press, New York.
  • Ünsal, M., Beşiktepe, Ş. (1994) A preliminary study on the metal content of mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk.) in the Eastern Black Sea. Tr. J. Zoology 18: 265-271.
  • Young, D. R., Alexander, G. V., McDermott-Ehrlich, D. (1979) Vessel-related contamination of Southern California Harbours by copper and other metals. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 10: 50-56.
  • Zar, J. H. (1984) Biostatistical Analysis. Second edition. Prentice Hall, Int., New Jersey.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Yazarlar

Levent Bat Bu kişi benim

Fatih Şahin Bu kişi benim

Murat Sezgin Bu kişi benim

Funda Üstün Bu kişi benim

Oylum Gökkurt Baki Bu kişi benim

Hasan Can Öztekin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bat, L., Şahin, F., Sezgin, M., Üstün, F., Baki, O. G., & Öztekin, H. C. (2013). Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 19(1), 70-81. https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH
AMA 1.Bat L, Şahin F, Sezgin M, Üstün F, Baki OG, Öztekin HC. Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 2013;19(1):70-81. https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH
Chicago Bat, Levent, Fatih Şahin, Murat Sezgin, Funda Üstün, Oylum Gökkurt Baki, ve Hasan Can Öztekin. 2013. “Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey)”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 19 (1): 70-81. https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH.
EndNote Bat L, Şahin F, Sezgin M, Üstün F, Baki OG, Öztekin HC (01 Nisan 2013) Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 19 1 70–81.
IEEE [1]L. Bat, F. Şahin, M. Sezgin, F. Üstün, O. G. Baki, ve H. C. Öztekin, “Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey)”, Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, c. 19, sy 1, ss. 70–81, Nis. 2013, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH
ISNAD Bat, Levent - Şahin, Fatih - Sezgin, Murat - Üstün, Funda - Baki, Oylum Gökkurt - Öztekin, Hasan Can. “Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey)”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 19/1 (01 Nisan 2013): 70-81. https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH.
JAMA 1.Bat L, Şahin F, Sezgin M, Üstün F, Baki OG, Öztekin HC. Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 2013;19:70–81.
MLA Bat, Levent, vd. “Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey)”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, c. 19, sy 1, Nisan 2013, ss. 70-81, https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH.
Vancouver 1.Bat L, Şahin F, Sezgin M, Üstün F, Baki OG, Öztekin HC. Heavy metals in edible tissues of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Southern Black Sea (Turkey). Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment [Internet]. 01 Nisan 2013;19(1):70-81. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA32NF23FH