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Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 234 - 246, 01.08.2013

Öz

Abstract Crude oil is one of the most harmful substances for the environment because of its components. Pollution can be divided in two categories: sea pollution and air pollution. For that reason, discharging of crude oil and its products into the sea should be minimized by means of crude oil washing operation optimization not to destroy the environment. During the transportation of crude oil, the most difficult problem encountered is discharging of crude oil. There are some threats, advantages, disadvantages and opportunities during vessel’s crude oil washing operation to discharge its entire crude oil cargo. Under the light of this study, safety measures and auxiliary equipments was investigated to optimize the safe crude oil washing operation. Threats and consequences which are expected after or at the time of crude oil washing and as well as its advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. In this study, vessels at different conditions were compared to each other according to simulations and we aimed to enlighten the crude oil transportation which takes an important position in maritime sector. Under all these safety precautions, human and environmental safety requirements which need to be taken priority were investigated in detail at the time of optimization period.

Kaynakça

  • Altun, M. H. A. (2013) Safe optimization of crude oil washing (COW) on crude oil tankers. Master Thesis, Department of Maritime Transportation Engineering,
  • Maritime Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 179 pp. Arslan, O. (2009) Quantitative evaluation of precautions on chemical tanker operations. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 87: 113˗120.
  • Arslan, O., Er, I. D. (2008) SWOT Analysis for safer Carriage of Bulk Liquid
  • Chemicals in Tankers. Journal of Hazardous Materials 154: 901˗913. Bhatia, R., Dinwoodie, J. (2004) Daily oil losses in shipping crude oil: measuring crude oil loss rates in daily North Sea shipping operations. Energy Policy 32: 811˗822.
  • Celik, M. (2010) Enhancement of occupational health and safety requirements in chemical tanker operations: The case of cargo explosion. Safety Science 48: 195˗203.
  • COW Systems (2000) Crude Oil Washing Systems. Including amendments adopted by the MEPC at its forty˗third session from 28 June to 2 July 1999 and by the assembly at its twenty˗first session from 15 to 26 November 1999),
  • International Maritime Organization, Suffolk, London, UK, 97 pp. Fernanda V. P., Manuel C. C., Delmo V. S., Maria I. M. C., Arnaldo N. A., Maria L. T. B., Mauricio F. (2013) Comparative study of sample decomposition methods for the determination of total Hg in crude oil and related products. Fuel
  • Processing Technology 106: 122˗126. Hanninen, S., Rytkonen, J. (2006) Transportation of Liquid Bulk Chemicals by
  • Tankers in the Baltic Sea. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 595, Otakaari, Finland, 155 pp. Havold, I. J. (2010) Safety culture and safety management aboard tankers.
  • Reliability Engineering and System Safety 95: 511˗519. Hayrinen, S., Raty, J., Hurmola, M. (2001) Tanker Safety (eds., P. Aulikki),
  • Centre for Occupational Safety˗Maritime Safety Committee Publication, Helsinki, Finland, 12˗24 pp. ISGOTT (2006) International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals.
  • International Chamber of Shipping, Oil Companies International Marine Forum, Witherbys Publishing, London, UK, 427 pp. Ismail, Z., Karim, R. (2012) Some technical aspects of spills in the transportation of petroleum materials by tankers. Safety Science 51: 202˗208.
  • MARPOL (2011) Maritime Pollution 73/78. Articles, protocols, annexes, unified interpretations of the international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto,
  • International Maritime Organization Publication, Suffolk, London, 474 pp. SOLAS (2009) Safety of Lives at Sea. Consolidated text of the International
  • Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and its Protocol of 1988: articles, annexes and certificates incorporating all amendments in effect from 1 July 2009, International Maritime Organization, The Bath Press, Bath, UK, 426 pp.
  • Sun, K., Yu G., Li, X. (2005) Simulation test research on incendive ESD in tanker cargo. Journal of Electrostatics 63: 469˗473.
  • Verwey, A. (1992) Tank Cleaning Guide. Chemical Laboratories and Superintendence Company Publications, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 295 pp.
  • Yağız, F. (1988) Inert Gas Systems on Tankers and Crude Oil Washing. D.B.
  • Turkish Cargo Lines T.A.S., Yalova, Turkey, 198 pp. (in Turkish).
Yıl 2013, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 234 - 246, 01.08.2013

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altun, M. H. A. (2013) Safe optimization of crude oil washing (COW) on crude oil tankers. Master Thesis, Department of Maritime Transportation Engineering,
  • Maritime Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 179 pp. Arslan, O. (2009) Quantitative evaluation of precautions on chemical tanker operations. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 87: 113˗120.
  • Arslan, O., Er, I. D. (2008) SWOT Analysis for safer Carriage of Bulk Liquid
  • Chemicals in Tankers. Journal of Hazardous Materials 154: 901˗913. Bhatia, R., Dinwoodie, J. (2004) Daily oil losses in shipping crude oil: measuring crude oil loss rates in daily North Sea shipping operations. Energy Policy 32: 811˗822.
  • Celik, M. (2010) Enhancement of occupational health and safety requirements in chemical tanker operations: The case of cargo explosion. Safety Science 48: 195˗203.
  • COW Systems (2000) Crude Oil Washing Systems. Including amendments adopted by the MEPC at its forty˗third session from 28 June to 2 July 1999 and by the assembly at its twenty˗first session from 15 to 26 November 1999),
  • International Maritime Organization, Suffolk, London, UK, 97 pp. Fernanda V. P., Manuel C. C., Delmo V. S., Maria I. M. C., Arnaldo N. A., Maria L. T. B., Mauricio F. (2013) Comparative study of sample decomposition methods for the determination of total Hg in crude oil and related products. Fuel
  • Processing Technology 106: 122˗126. Hanninen, S., Rytkonen, J. (2006) Transportation of Liquid Bulk Chemicals by
  • Tankers in the Baltic Sea. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 595, Otakaari, Finland, 155 pp. Havold, I. J. (2010) Safety culture and safety management aboard tankers.
  • Reliability Engineering and System Safety 95: 511˗519. Hayrinen, S., Raty, J., Hurmola, M. (2001) Tanker Safety (eds., P. Aulikki),
  • Centre for Occupational Safety˗Maritime Safety Committee Publication, Helsinki, Finland, 12˗24 pp. ISGOTT (2006) International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals.
  • International Chamber of Shipping, Oil Companies International Marine Forum, Witherbys Publishing, London, UK, 427 pp. Ismail, Z., Karim, R. (2012) Some technical aspects of spills in the transportation of petroleum materials by tankers. Safety Science 51: 202˗208.
  • MARPOL (2011) Maritime Pollution 73/78. Articles, protocols, annexes, unified interpretations of the international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto,
  • International Maritime Organization Publication, Suffolk, London, 474 pp. SOLAS (2009) Safety of Lives at Sea. Consolidated text of the International
  • Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, and its Protocol of 1988: articles, annexes and certificates incorporating all amendments in effect from 1 July 2009, International Maritime Organization, The Bath Press, Bath, UK, 426 pp.
  • Sun, K., Yu G., Li, X. (2005) Simulation test research on incendive ESD in tanker cargo. Journal of Electrostatics 63: 469˗473.
  • Verwey, A. (1992) Tank Cleaning Guide. Chemical Laboratories and Superintendence Company Publications, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 295 pp.
  • Yağız, F. (1988) Inert Gas Systems on Tankers and Crude Oil Washing. D.B.
  • Turkish Cargo Lines T.A.S., Yalova, Turkey, 198 pp. (in Turkish).
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Murat Hasan Ali Altun Bu kişi benim

Özcan Arslan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Altun, M. H. A. ., & Arslan, Ö. . (2013). Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, 19(2), 234-246.
AMA Altun MHA, Arslan Ö. Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. Ağustos 2013;19(2):234-246.
Chicago Altun, Murat Hasan Ali, ve Özcan Arslan. “Environmental and Safe Optimization of Crude Oil Washing on Crude Oil Tankers”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 19, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2013): 234-46.
EndNote Altun MHA, Arslan Ö (01 Ağustos 2013) Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 19 2 234–246.
IEEE M. H. A. . Altun ve Ö. . Arslan, “Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers”, Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, c. 19, sy. 2, ss. 234–246, 2013.
ISNAD Altun, Murat Hasan Ali - Arslan, Özcan. “Environmental and Safe Optimization of Crude Oil Washing on Crude Oil Tankers”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment 19/2 (Ağustos 2013), 234-246.
JAMA Altun MHA, Arslan Ö. Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 2013;19:234–246.
MLA Altun, Murat Hasan Ali ve Özcan Arslan. “Environmental and Safe Optimization of Crude Oil Washing on Crude Oil Tankers”. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment, c. 19, sy. 2, 2013, ss. 234-46.
Vancouver Altun MHA, Arslan Ö. Environmental and safe optimization of crude oil washing on crude oil tankers. Journal of Black Sea / Mediterranean Environment. 2013;19(2):234-46.