Air pollution of hydrocarbons exhausted from vehicle in tunnels, bridges of Istanbul and detection of 3-nitrophthalic in seawater near the side of boat

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 161 - 180, 01.08.2007

Selin Cumalı And Kasım Cemal Güven

Öz

Abstract The air pollution due to exhausted gas from vehicles was studied in tunnels, bridges in Istanbul city and the contribution of exhausted gas from boat to the seawater in Golden Horn. The component of hydrocarbons of fuels and exhausted gas from vehicles was also compared. The gas samples were collected in tubes containing Tenax GR or activated charcoal adsorbent. They were extracted with dichloro-methane and analysis performed by UVF, GC/MS and HPLC. The petroleum hydrocarbon amounts in gas exhausted were from diesel car II 89.40 µg/m3, from car I 13.43 µg/m3, from normal gasoline car 41.43 µg/m3 and from super gasoline car 32.10 µg/m3. The highest hydrocarbon pollution was found in Haşim İşcan tunnel and hydrocarbon amount ranged as 5.30-11.00 µg/m3. During the analysis over 22 aliphatic, 23 aromatic hydrocarbon and nicotine were identified in Haşim İşcan tunnel. In this area carcinogenic, aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene derivatives and toluene were detected. The highest hydrocarbon pollution was found on Atatürk and Galata bridges as 9.65 µg/m3 and 8.36 µg/m3 respectively. For the first time a new nitro-derivate, 3-nitrophthalic acid was detected in seawater near the exhaust pipe of boat and it was proved by GC/MS and HPLC analyses. The adsorbent capacity of Tenax GR with charcoal compared and Tenax GR adsorbed better than charcoal.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Key words: Istanbul city, tunnels, bridges, hydrocarbon pollution, seawater, 3-nitrophthalic acid.

Kaynakça

• Bourotte, C., Forti, M.-C., Taniguchi, S., Bicego, M.C. and Lotufo, P.A. (2005). A wintertime study of PAHs in fine and coarse aerosols in São Paulo city, Brazil. Atmospheric 39: 3799-3811.
• Broderick, B.M. and Marnane, I.S. (2002). A comparison of the C2-C9 hydrocarbon compositions of vehicle and urban air in Dublin, Ireland.
• Atmospheric Environment 36: 975-986. Chatzis, C., Alexopoulos, E.C. and Linos, A. (2005). Indoor and outdoor personal exposure to benzene in Athens, Greece. Science Total Environment : 72-80.
• Hansen, Ǻ.M., Wallin, H., Binderup, M.L., Dybdahl, M., Autrup, H., Loft, S. and Knudsen, L.E. (2004). Urinary 1-hydroxyprene and mutagenicity in bus drivers and mail carriers exposed to urban air pollution in Denmark.
• Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis : 7-17. Hoffman, E.J., Mills, G.L., Latimer, J.S. and Quinn J.G. (1984). Urban runoff as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to coastal waters.
• Environmental science and Technology 18: 580-587. Ijlstra, T. (1990). Air pollution from shipping. Mar. Poll. Bull. 21: 319-320.
• Lee, C., Choi, Y.J., Jung, J.S., Lee, J.S., Kim, K.H. and Kim, Y.J. (2005).
• Measurement of atmospheric monoaromatic hydrocarbons using differential optical absorption spectroscopy: Comparison with one-line gas chromatography measurements in urban air. Atmospheric 39: 2225-2234.
• Li, A. Schoonover, T.M., Zou, Q., Norlock, F., Conroy, L.M., Scheff, P.A. and Wadden, R.A. (2005). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in residential air of ten Chicago area homes: Concentrations and influencing factors. Atmospheric 39: 3491-3501.
• Lim, M.C.H., Ayoko, G.A. and Morawska, L. (2005). Characterization of elemental and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compositions of urban air in
• Brisbane. Atmospheric 39: 463-476. McKenzie, C.H., Godwin, A., Ayoko, A. and Morawska, L. (2005).
• Characterization of elemental and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compositions of urban air in Brisbane. Atmospheric 39: 463-476. Okana-Mensah, K.B., Battershill, J., Boobis, A. and Fielder, R. (2005). An approach to investigating the importance of high potency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ınduction of lung cancer by air pollution. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43: 1103-1116.
• Pohjola, S.K., Savela, K., Kuusimäki, L., Kanno, T., Kawanishi, M. and Weyand, E. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of diesel and gasoline exhaust and DNA adduct detection in calf thymus DNA and lymphocyte
• DNA of workers exposed to diesel exhaust. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds : 451-465. Rehwagen, M., Müller,A., Massolo, L., Herbarth, O. and Ronco, A. (2005).
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particles in ambient air from urban and industrial areas. Sci. Total. Environ. 348: 199-210. Salazar, S., Diaz-Gonzalez, G. and Botello, A.V. (1991). Presence of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of northwestern Mexico City, Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46: 696.
• Samanta, S.K., Singh, O.V. and Jain, R.K. (2002). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental pollution and bioremediation. Trends in Biotechnology 20: 243-248.
• Wada, M., Kido, H., Kishikawa, N., Tou, T., Tanaka, M., Tsubokura, J., Shironita, M., Matsui, M., Kuroda, N. and Nakashima, K. (2001).
• Assessment of air pollution in Nagasaki city: determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives, and some metals. Environmental Pollution 115:139- 147. Xia, L. and Shao, Y. ( 2005). Modelling of traffic flow and air pollution emission with application to Hong Kong Island. Environmental Modelling & Software 20: 1175-1188.
• Yang, H.-H. and Chen, C.-M. (2004). Emission inventory and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere at a suburban area in
• Taiwan. Chemosphere 56: 879-887. Zhu, L., Chen, B., Wang, J. and Shen, H. (2004) Pollution survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water of Hangzhou, China. Chemosphere 56: 1085-1095.