Klinik Araştırma
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Son Sınıf Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Hasta Güvenliği İklimini ve Hastane Ortamında Bakım Güvenliğini Etkileyen Faktörlerle İlgili Görüşleri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 159 - 170, 31.08.2025

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, son sınıf hemşirelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği iklimi algılarını ve hastane ortamında bakım güvenliğini etkileyen faktörlere ilişkin ilgili görüşlerini belirlemektir.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipteki bu çalışma, 2023-2024 akademik yılında Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören 187 son sınıf hemşirelik öğrencisi ile yürütülmüştür. Veri toplama aracı olarak sosyo-demografik anket formu ve Hasta Güvenliği İklimi Skalası (HGİS) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 27.0 programı ile tanımlayıcı istatistikler, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis ve regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Öğrencilerin HGİS toplam puan ortalaması 161,77±34,66 olarak bulunmuş ve HGİ algılarının genel olarak olumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada hemşirelik öğrencilerinin uygulama yaptıkları birim ile Kurumsal faktörler alt ölçeğinin “yönetici güvenlik liderliği anlaşması, hasta güvenlik komitesi liderliği, hasta güvenliği iklimi kategorileri” alt boyutu toplam puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Ayrıca, öğrencilerin kişisel koruyucu ekipmana ulaşma durumu ile “çalışanların tutumları ve kurumsal faktörler” ana ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları arasında da anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Bunun yanı sıra, öğrencilerin hasta güvenliği eğitimi alma durumu ile “Kurallar / Ekip uyumu” ve “hasta güvenliği iklimi kategorileri” alt boyutu toplam puan ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği iklimi skalası, “çalışanların tutumları” ve “kurumsal faktörleri” ölçekleri toplam puan ortalamalarının yüksek olduğu söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • 1 Agbar, F., Zhang, S., Wu, Y., & Mustafa, M. (2023). Effect of patient safety education interventions on patient safety culture of health care professionals: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 67, 103565. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103565
  • 2 Aimoldina, K., Nurgaliyeva, N., Derbissalina, G., & Vaismoradi, M. (2025). Assessing patient safety culture in nursing practice in Kazakhstani healthcare institutions: A cross‐sectional study. International Nursing Review, 72(1), e70005. doi:10.1111/inr.70005
  • 3 Aksoy, B., Paslı Gürdoğan, E., Kınıcı Dirik, E., Uslu, B., & Bilgiç, Ş. (2024). Hasta Güvenliği Dersinin Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Hasta Güvenliği Bilgisi ve Tıbbi Hatalara Karşı Tutumları Üzerine Etkisi: Tanımlayıcı Çalışma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 16(2), 373-382. doi:10.5336/nurses.2023-99996
  • 4 Alanazi, F. K., Molloy, L., Lapkin, S., & Sim, J. (2024). Nurses’ attitudes towards safety and their association with nurses’ perceptions of adverse events and quality of care: a cross-sectional study. Journal of research in nursing, 29(8),681-695. doi:10.1177/17449871241291518
  • 5 Alquwez, N., Cruz, J.P., Almoghairi, A.M., Al-Otaibi, R.S., Almutairi, K.O., Alicante, J.G. & Colet, P.C. (2018) Nurses’ perceptions of patient safety culture in three hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(4), 422–431. doi:10.1111/jnu.12394
  • 6 Azyabi, A., Karwowski, W., & Davahli, M. R. (2021). Assessing patient safety culture in hospital settings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2466. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052466
  • 7 Bedgood, A. L., & Mellott, S. (2021). The role of education in developing a culture of safety through the perceptions of undergraduate nursing students: An integrative literature review. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(8), e1530-e1536. doi:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000548
  • 8 Biçer, E. K. (2020). Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Hasta Güvenliğine İlişkin Görüşleri ve Klinik Uygulamada Tanık Oldukları Tıbbi Hataların İncelenmesi. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 7(1), 65-77. doi:10.5222/SHYD.2020.59454
  • 9 Birgili, F., Salış, F., Çekirdekçi, S., & Ece, G. (2010). Hastanelerde hasta güvenliği iklimi: Muğla ilinde bir hastane örneği, II. Uluslararası Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Kongresi, 1, 57-72.
  • 10 Bodur, S., Filiz, E., Çimen, A., & Kapçı, C. (2012). Ebelik ve hemşirelik son sınıf öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği ve tıbbi hatalar konusundaki tutumu. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 22(2), 37-42.
  • 11 Brás, C.P.C., Ferreira, M.M.C., de Figueiredo, M.C.A.B. & Duarte, J.C. (2023) Patient safety culture in nurses’ clinical practice. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 31, e3837. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6231.3837
  • 12 De Elguea, J. O., Orkaizagirre-Gómara, A., De Miguel, M. S., Urcola-Pardo, F., Germán-Bes, C., & Lizaso-Elgarresta, I. (2019). Adapting and validating the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) for nursing students (HSOPS-NS): A new measure of Patient Safety Climate. Nurse Education Today, 75, 95-103. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.008
  • 13 Demirel, G., Akgün, Ö., & Doğaner, A. (2020). İntörn öğrencilerin hasta güvenliği tutum ve kültürlerinin tıbbi hata durumlarına etkisi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (2), 276-283. doi:10.31067/0.2020.266
  • 14 Dener, H., & Elçin, M. (2022). Ekip Çalışması ve Hasta Güvenliği Üzerine Bir Eğitim Programı Tasarımı: TeamSTEPPS. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 31(6), 469-478. doi:10.17942/sted.1030338
  • 15 Elmontsri, M., Almashrafi, A., Banarsee, R. & Majeed, A. (2017). Status of patient safety culture in Arab countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 7, e013487. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016013487
  • 16 Filiz, E. & Yesildal, M. (2022). Turkish adaptation and validation of revised hospital survey on patient safety culture (TR-HSOPSC 2.0). BMC Nursing, 21(1), 325. doi:10.1186/s12912-022-01112-9
  • 17 Gropelli, T., & Shanty, J. A. (2018). Nursing students' perceptions of safety and communication issues in the clinical setting. Journal of Nursing Education, 57(5), 287-290. doi:10.3928/01484834-20180420-06
  • 18 Huang, F. F., Shen, X. Y., Chen, X. L., He, L. P., Huang, S. F., & Li, J. X. (2020). Self-reported confidence in patient safety competencies among Chinese nursing students: a multi-site cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, 20, 1-10. doi:10.1186/s12909-020-1945-8
  • 19 Hussein, M., Pavlova, M., Ghalwash, M. & Groot, W. (2021). The impact of hospital accreditation on the quality of healthcare: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1057. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07097-6
  • 20 Kayri, M. (2009). Araştirmalarda gruplar arasi farkin belirlenmesine yönelik çoklu karşilaştirma (post-hoc) teknikleri. Journal of Social Science, 55, 22.
  • 21 Knowles, S. (2024). Measuring Patient Safety Culture. In Patient Safety Coaching: Transforming Healthcare Culture (pp. 193-217). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • 22 Kong, L. N., Zhu, W. F., He, S., Chen, S. Z., Yang, L., Qi, L., & Peng, X. (2019). Attitudes towards patient safety culture among postgraduate nursing students in China: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education in Practice, 38, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.05.014
  • 23 Malinowska-Lipień, I., Micek, A., Gabryś, T., Kózka, M., Gajda, K., Gniadek, A., Brzostek, T., Flethcher, J., & Squires, A. (2021). Impact of the work environment on patients’ safety as perceived by nurses in Poland—a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 12057. doi:10.3390/ijerph182212057
  • 24 Matsubara, S., Hagihara, A., & Nobutomo, K. (2008). Development of a patient safety climate scale in Japan. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 20(3), 211-220. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzn003
  • 25 Miller, C. L., & LaFramboise, L. (2009). Student learning outcomes after integration of quality and safety education competencies into a senior-level critical care course. Journal of Nursing Education, 48(12), 678-685. doi:10.3928/01484834-20091113-07
  • 26 Oermann, M. H., & Shellenbarger, T. (2023). Clinical education in nursing: Current practices and trends. In Clinical education for the health professions: Theory and practice (pp. 87-106). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
  • 27 Rodger, K. S., & Juckes, K. L. (2021). Managing at risk nursing students: The clinical instructor experience. Nurse Education Today, 105,105036. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105036
  • 28 Safarpour, H., Tofighi, M., Malekyan, L., Bazyar, J., Varasteh, S., & Anvary, R. (2017). Patient safety attitudes, skills, knowledge and barriers related to reporting medical errors by nursing students. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 1-11. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2017.81001
  • 29 Schwatka, N. V., Hecker, S., & Goldenhar, L. M. (2016). Defining and measuring safety climate: a review of the construction industry literature. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 60(5), 537-550. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mew020
  • 30 Slawomirski, L. & Klazinga, N. (2022). The economics of patient safety: from analysis to action. OECD Health Working Papers, Article 145. https://ideas.repec.org//p/oec/elsaad/145-en.html
  • 31 Suryani, L., Letchmi, S. & Binti Moch Said, F. (2022). Cross-culture adaptation and validation of the Indonesian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC 2.0). Belitung Nursing Journal, 8(2), 169–175. doi: 10.33546/bnj.1928
  • 32 Vaismoradi, M., Tella, S., A. Logan, P., Khakurel, J., & Vizcaya-Moreno, F. (2020). Nurses’ adherence to patient safety principles: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2028. doi:10.3390/ijerph17062028
  • 33 Wahyuningsih, C. S., Asih, E. B., Masitoh, R., & Rahmawati, K. (2024). Patient Safety Culture in Hospitals based on Agency For Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ). Journal of Health Policy and Management, 9(2), 197-210. doi:10.26911/thejhpm.2024.09.02.06
  • 34 Wanderlei, P. N., & Montagna, E. (2018). Formulation, implementation and evaluation of a distance course for accreditation in patient safety. Einstein (São Paulo), 16, eGS4316. doi:10.1590/S1679-45082018GS4316

Senior Nursing Students' Views on Factors Affecting Patient Safety Climate and Safety of Care in Hospital Environment

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 159 - 170, 31.08.2025

Öz

Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the perceptions of senior nursing students regarding the patient safety climate and their views on the factors affecting care safety in hospital settings.
Method: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 187 senior nursing students enrolled in the 2023–2024 academic year at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University. Data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Patient Safety Climate Scale (PSCS). Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0.
Results: The mean total PSCS score of the students was 161.77±34.66, indicating generally positive perceptions of the patient safety climate. A statistically significant difference was found between the units in which students practiced and the sub-dimensions of the "Institutional Factors" scale, specifically in “Management Safety Leadership Agreement,” “Patient Safety Committee Leadership,” and “Patient Safety Climate Categories” (p<0.05). Additionally, a significant difference was observed between students’ access to personal protective equipment and the total scores of the “Staff Attitudes” and “Institutional Factors” scales (p<0.05). Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was identified between having received education on patient safety and the sub-dimensions “Rules/Teamwork Compliance” and “Patient Safety Climate Categories” (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the total mean scores of the "staff attitudes" and "institutional factors" subscales of the Patient Safety Climate Scale were high among nursing students.

Kaynakça

  • 1 Agbar, F., Zhang, S., Wu, Y., & Mustafa, M. (2023). Effect of patient safety education interventions on patient safety culture of health care professionals: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 67, 103565. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103565
  • 2 Aimoldina, K., Nurgaliyeva, N., Derbissalina, G., & Vaismoradi, M. (2025). Assessing patient safety culture in nursing practice in Kazakhstani healthcare institutions: A cross‐sectional study. International Nursing Review, 72(1), e70005. doi:10.1111/inr.70005
  • 3 Aksoy, B., Paslı Gürdoğan, E., Kınıcı Dirik, E., Uslu, B., & Bilgiç, Ş. (2024). Hasta Güvenliği Dersinin Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Hasta Güvenliği Bilgisi ve Tıbbi Hatalara Karşı Tutumları Üzerine Etkisi: Tanımlayıcı Çalışma. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 16(2), 373-382. doi:10.5336/nurses.2023-99996
  • 4 Alanazi, F. K., Molloy, L., Lapkin, S., & Sim, J. (2024). Nurses’ attitudes towards safety and their association with nurses’ perceptions of adverse events and quality of care: a cross-sectional study. Journal of research in nursing, 29(8),681-695. doi:10.1177/17449871241291518
  • 5 Alquwez, N., Cruz, J.P., Almoghairi, A.M., Al-Otaibi, R.S., Almutairi, K.O., Alicante, J.G. & Colet, P.C. (2018) Nurses’ perceptions of patient safety culture in three hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(4), 422–431. doi:10.1111/jnu.12394
  • 6 Azyabi, A., Karwowski, W., & Davahli, M. R. (2021). Assessing patient safety culture in hospital settings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2466. doi:10.3390/ijerph18052466
  • 7 Bedgood, A. L., & Mellott, S. (2021). The role of education in developing a culture of safety through the perceptions of undergraduate nursing students: An integrative literature review. Journal of Patient Safety, 17(8), e1530-e1536. doi:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000548
  • 8 Biçer, E. K. (2020). Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Hasta Güvenliğine İlişkin Görüşleri ve Klinik Uygulamada Tanık Oldukları Tıbbi Hataların İncelenmesi. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 7(1), 65-77. doi:10.5222/SHYD.2020.59454
  • 9 Birgili, F., Salış, F., Çekirdekçi, S., & Ece, G. (2010). Hastanelerde hasta güvenliği iklimi: Muğla ilinde bir hastane örneği, II. Uluslararası Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Kongresi, 1, 57-72.
  • 10 Bodur, S., Filiz, E., Çimen, A., & Kapçı, C. (2012). Ebelik ve hemşirelik son sınıf öğrencilerinin hasta güvenliği ve tıbbi hatalar konusundaki tutumu. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 22(2), 37-42.
  • 11 Brás, C.P.C., Ferreira, M.M.C., de Figueiredo, M.C.A.B. & Duarte, J.C. (2023) Patient safety culture in nurses’ clinical practice. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 31, e3837. doi:10.1590/1518-8345.6231.3837
  • 12 De Elguea, J. O., Orkaizagirre-Gómara, A., De Miguel, M. S., Urcola-Pardo, F., Germán-Bes, C., & Lizaso-Elgarresta, I. (2019). Adapting and validating the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPS) for nursing students (HSOPS-NS): A new measure of Patient Safety Climate. Nurse Education Today, 75, 95-103. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.008
  • 13 Demirel, G., Akgün, Ö., & Doğaner, A. (2020). İntörn öğrencilerin hasta güvenliği tutum ve kültürlerinin tıbbi hata durumlarına etkisi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (2), 276-283. doi:10.31067/0.2020.266
  • 14 Dener, H., & Elçin, M. (2022). Ekip Çalışması ve Hasta Güvenliği Üzerine Bir Eğitim Programı Tasarımı: TeamSTEPPS. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 31(6), 469-478. doi:10.17942/sted.1030338
  • 15 Elmontsri, M., Almashrafi, A., Banarsee, R. & Majeed, A. (2017). Status of patient safety culture in Arab countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 7, e013487. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016013487
  • 16 Filiz, E. & Yesildal, M. (2022). Turkish adaptation and validation of revised hospital survey on patient safety culture (TR-HSOPSC 2.0). BMC Nursing, 21(1), 325. doi:10.1186/s12912-022-01112-9
  • 17 Gropelli, T., & Shanty, J. A. (2018). Nursing students' perceptions of safety and communication issues in the clinical setting. Journal of Nursing Education, 57(5), 287-290. doi:10.3928/01484834-20180420-06
  • 18 Huang, F. F., Shen, X. Y., Chen, X. L., He, L. P., Huang, S. F., & Li, J. X. (2020). Self-reported confidence in patient safety competencies among Chinese nursing students: a multi-site cross-sectional survey. BMC Medical Education, 20, 1-10. doi:10.1186/s12909-020-1945-8
  • 19 Hussein, M., Pavlova, M., Ghalwash, M. & Groot, W. (2021). The impact of hospital accreditation on the quality of healthcare: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1057. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07097-6
  • 20 Kayri, M. (2009). Araştirmalarda gruplar arasi farkin belirlenmesine yönelik çoklu karşilaştirma (post-hoc) teknikleri. Journal of Social Science, 55, 22.
  • 21 Knowles, S. (2024). Measuring Patient Safety Culture. In Patient Safety Coaching: Transforming Healthcare Culture (pp. 193-217). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
  • 22 Kong, L. N., Zhu, W. F., He, S., Chen, S. Z., Yang, L., Qi, L., & Peng, X. (2019). Attitudes towards patient safety culture among postgraduate nursing students in China: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education in Practice, 38, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2019.05.014
  • 23 Malinowska-Lipień, I., Micek, A., Gabryś, T., Kózka, M., Gajda, K., Gniadek, A., Brzostek, T., Flethcher, J., & Squires, A. (2021). Impact of the work environment on patients’ safety as perceived by nurses in Poland—a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 12057. doi:10.3390/ijerph182212057
  • 24 Matsubara, S., Hagihara, A., & Nobutomo, K. (2008). Development of a patient safety climate scale in Japan. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 20(3), 211-220. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzn003
  • 25 Miller, C. L., & LaFramboise, L. (2009). Student learning outcomes after integration of quality and safety education competencies into a senior-level critical care course. Journal of Nursing Education, 48(12), 678-685. doi:10.3928/01484834-20091113-07
  • 26 Oermann, M. H., & Shellenbarger, T. (2023). Clinical education in nursing: Current practices and trends. In Clinical education for the health professions: Theory and practice (pp. 87-106). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
  • 27 Rodger, K. S., & Juckes, K. L. (2021). Managing at risk nursing students: The clinical instructor experience. Nurse Education Today, 105,105036. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105036
  • 28 Safarpour, H., Tofighi, M., Malekyan, L., Bazyar, J., Varasteh, S., & Anvary, R. (2017). Patient safety attitudes, skills, knowledge and barriers related to reporting medical errors by nursing students. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 1-11. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2017.81001
  • 29 Schwatka, N. V., Hecker, S., & Goldenhar, L. M. (2016). Defining and measuring safety climate: a review of the construction industry literature. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 60(5), 537-550. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mew020
  • 30 Slawomirski, L. & Klazinga, N. (2022). The economics of patient safety: from analysis to action. OECD Health Working Papers, Article 145. https://ideas.repec.org//p/oec/elsaad/145-en.html
  • 31 Suryani, L., Letchmi, S. & Binti Moch Said, F. (2022). Cross-culture adaptation and validation of the Indonesian version of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC 2.0). Belitung Nursing Journal, 8(2), 169–175. doi: 10.33546/bnj.1928
  • 32 Vaismoradi, M., Tella, S., A. Logan, P., Khakurel, J., & Vizcaya-Moreno, F. (2020). Nurses’ adherence to patient safety principles: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2028. doi:10.3390/ijerph17062028
  • 33 Wahyuningsih, C. S., Asih, E. B., Masitoh, R., & Rahmawati, K. (2024). Patient Safety Culture in Hospitals based on Agency For Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ). Journal of Health Policy and Management, 9(2), 197-210. doi:10.26911/thejhpm.2024.09.02.06
  • 34 Wanderlei, P. N., & Montagna, E. (2018). Formulation, implementation and evaluation of a distance course for accreditation in patient safety. Einstein (São Paulo), 16, eGS4316. doi:10.1590/S1679-45082018GS4316
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Merve Kaya Akyar 0000-0002-1234-8341

Fatma Birgili 0000-0001-5017-0225

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya Akyar, M., & Birgili, F. (2025). Son Sınıf Hemşirelik Öğrencilerinin Hasta Güvenliği İklimini ve Hastane Ortamında Bakım Güvenliğini Etkileyen Faktörlerle İlgili Görüşleri. Güncel Hemşirelik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 159-170.

Güncel Hemşirelik Araştırmaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.