Sosyal Ağlar ve Küresel Göç Dinamiklerinin Etkileşimini Keşfetmek: Mültecilerin Türkiye Üzerinden Yeniden Yerleştirilmesine Bir Odaklanma

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, göçmenlerin karar alma süreçlerine ve yeni toplumlara entegrasyonuna ışık tutarak, sosyal ağlar ile uluslararası göç arasındaki etkileşime ilişkin anlayışı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, kurumsal değişiklikler nedeniyle kendi ülkelerini terk eden ve mülteci statüsü verilen çeşitli milletlerden mültecilerin, özellikle de Türkiye üzerinden yeniden yerleştirilenlerin sosyal ağ örüntülerini incelemektedir. Yöntem: UNHCR Yeniden Yerleşim Veri Bulucu portalından alınan veriler, geçiş sürecine ilişkin içgörü elde etmek için analiz edilmiştir. Analiz için sosyal ağ analizi uygulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda göç veren ve göç veren ülkeler arasındaki göç trafiğine ilişkin sosyal ağ haritaları hazırlanmış ve bu ülkeler için 2003-2021 yılları arasındaki derece merkezilik parametreleri hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular: Analiz sonuçları, Türkiye üzerinden gerçekleşen göç ve yeniden yerleştirmenin, sistemik şoklar olarak adlandırılan, önemli ve büyük etkiye sahip bazı ekonomik ve politik olaylar tarafından yönlendirildiğini ve dürtü karakterine sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç ve Katkılar: Bu çalışma, literatürdeki boşlukları doldurmak için çeşitli katkılarda bulunmaktadır. Birincisi, sosyal ağlardaki, özellikle de göç ağlarındaki değişim ve evrim dürtü yaklaşımı ve kurumsal şoklarla açıklanmaktadır. İkinci olarak, sosyal ağ teorisi ve sosyal ağ analizinin göç çalışmalarına yeni bir şekilde entegrasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca göç akışlarının evrim mekanizması sosyal ağ teorisi açısından ifade edilmiş ve sosyal network teorisi yaklaşımları ile kıyaslanmıştır. Sınırlılıklar: Göçmen verileri UHNC veritabanından alındığından göçmenlerin kişisel nedenleri çalışmaya dahil edilememiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası göç
• Kurumsal şok
• Göçü tetikleyen faktörler
• Mültecilerin yeniden yerleştirilmesi
• Sosyal ağ

Exploring the Interplay of Social Networks and Global Migration Dynamics: A Focus on Refugee Resettlement via Turkiye

Öz

Purpose: This study aims to enhance our understanding of the interplay between social networks and international migration, shedding light on migrants' decision-making and integration into new societies. The research examines the social network patterns of refugees from various nationalities who left their home countries due to institutional changes and were granted refugee status, particularly those resettled via Turkiye. Methodology: The data from the UNHCR Resettlement Data Finder portal is analyzed to gain insights into the migration process. For analyses, social network analysis is implemented. As a result of the analyses, social network maps for migration traffic between immigration and emigration countries are prepared and degree centrality parameters for these countries are calculated for the years between 2003 to 2021. Findings: Analysis outcomes indicates that the migration and resettlement occurring through Turkiye has an impulse characteristic and driven by some economic and political events with significant and large effect called systemic shocks. Implications: This study has contributions to the literature and fills some gaps. First, it explains change and evolution in social networks, particularly migration networks with impulse approach and institutional shocks. Second, the integration of social network theory and social network analysis into migration studies in a new way has been performed. Also, evolution mechanism of migration flows has been expressed in terms of and compared to social network theory. Limitations: Since immigrant data were taken from the UHNC database, personal reasons of immigrants could not be included in the study.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• International migration
• Institutional shock
• Migration drivers
• Refugee resettlement
• Social network

Kaynakça

1. Beine, M., Bertinelli, L., Cömertpay, R., Litina, A., & Maystadt, J. F. (2021). A gravity analysis of refugee mobility using mobile phone data. Journal of Development Economics, 150, 102618. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102618
2. Bijak, J., & Czaika, M. (2020). Assessing Uncertain Migration Futures: A Typology of the Unknown. Southampton, England: University of Southampton and Danube University Krems.
3. Bilecen, B., & Lubbers, M. J. (2021). The networked character of migration and transnationalism. Global Networks, 21(4), 837–852. doi: 10.1111/glob.12317
4. Borgatti, S., Everett, M., & Freeman, L. C. (2002). Ucinet 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis [Computer Software]. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
5. Boyd, M. (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: Recent developments and new agendas. International Migration Review, 23(3), 638–670. doi: 10.2307/2546433
6. Carling, J., & Talleraas, C. (2016). Root causes and drivers of migration: Implications for humanitarian efforts and development cooperation. PRIO Paper. Oslo, Norway: Peace Research Institute Oslo.
7. Castelli, F. (2018). Drivers of migration: Why do people move? Journal of Travel Medicine, 25(1). doi: 10.1093/jtm/tay040
8. Cheng, I. H., Drillich, A., & Schattner, P. (2015). Refugee experiences of general practice in countries of resettlement: A literature review. British Journal of General Practice, 65(632), e171–e176. doi: 10.3399/bjgp15x683977

9. Chi, G. (2020). Migration and Social Networks: New Insights from Novel Data. Berkley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.
10. Costie, D. P., Holm, F., & Berardo, R. (2018). Hydraulic fracturing, coalition activity and shock: Assessing the potential for coalition-based collective action in Argentina’s Vaca Muerta Formation. The Extractive Industries and Society, 5(4), 499–507. doi: 10.1016/j.exis.2018.08.003
11. Czaika, M., & Reinprecht, C. (2020). Drivers of migration. A synthesis of knowledge. International Migration Institute Working Papers, 163, 1–45.
12. Danilova, I., Bogdanova, O. A., Karpushkina, A. V., & Karetnikova, T. (2020). The impact of external institutional shocks on Russian regions. AUC Geographica, 55(1), 3–14. doi: 10.14712/23361980.2020.7 de Haas, H., Czaika, M., Flahaux, M., Mahendra, E., Natter, K., Vezzoli, S., & Villares‐Varela, M. (2019). International migration: Trends, determinants, and policy effects. Population and Development Review, 45(4), 885–922. doi: 10.1111/padr.12291
13. Derudder, B., Witlox, F., & Taylor, P. J. (2007). U.S. cities in the world city network: Comparing their positions using global origins and destinations of airline passengers. Urban Geography, 28(1), 74–91. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.28.1.74
14. Eve, M. (2010). Integrating via networks: Foreigners and others. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 33(7), 1231–1248. doi: 10.1080/01419871003624084
15. Everett, M., & Borgatti, S. P. (2005). Ego network betweenness. Social Networks, 27(1), 31–38. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.007
16. Faust, K., & Lovasi, G. S. (2012). Capturing context: Integrating spatial and social network analyses. Social Networks, 34(1), 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2011.10.007
17. Ferris, E. (2020). Research on climate change and migration where are we and where are we going? Migration Studies, 8(4), 612–625. doi: 10.1093/migration/mnaa028
18. Hajro, A., Brewster, C., Haak-Saheem, W., & Morley, M. J. (2022). Global migration: Implications for international business scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 54(6), 1134–1150. doi: 10.1057/s41267-022-00565-z
19. Hao, T., Sun, R., Tombe, T., & Zhu, X. (2020). The effect of migration policy on growth, structural change, and regional inequality in China. Journal of Monetary Economics, 113, 112–134. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.03.003
20. International Organization for Migration. (2019). International Migration Law. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.iom.int/international-migration-law.
21. International Organization for Migration. (2021). Migration in Türkiye. Retrieved on January 17 from https://turkiye.iom.int/migration-turkiye.
22. International Organization for Migration. (2022). World Migration Report 2022. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022.
23. Keseljevic, A., & Spruk, R. (2021). Long-term effects of Yugoslav War. Defence and Peace Economics, 34(4), 410–436. doi: 10.1080/10242694.2021.2007334
24. Keseljevic, A., & Spruk, R. (2022). Estimating the effects of Syrian Civil War. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2209.03046.
25. Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., & Pellegrino, A. (1999). Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
26. Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connor, S. L., Pean, C. et al. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. The Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
27. Palattiyil, G., Sidhva, D., Seraphia Derr, A., & Macgowan, M. (2021). Global trends in forced migration: Policy, practice and research imperatives for social work. International Social Work, 65(6), 1111–1129. doi: 10.1177/00208728211022791
28. Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24(1), 1–24. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
29. Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Interior Presidency of Migration Management. (2023). Temporary Protection. Retrieved on January 17 from https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27.
30. Ryan, L. (2011). Migrants’ social networks and weak ties: Accessing resources and constructing relationships post-migration. The Sociological Review, 59(4), 707–724. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954x.2011.02030.x
31. Ryan, L., & D’Angelo, A. (2018). Changing times: Migrants’ social network analysis and the challenges of longitudinal research. Social Networks, 53, 148–158. doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2017.03.003
32. Silchenko, D., & Murray, U. (2023). Migration and climate change: The role of social protection. Climate Risk Management, 39, 100472. doi: 10.1016/j.crm.2022.100472
33. Strey, A., Fajth, V., Dubow, T. M., & Siegel, M. (2018). Determinants of migration flows within the EU. Paper Published as Part of the Reminder Project. Maastricht. The Netherlands: Role of European Mobility and Its Impacts in Narratives, Debates and EU Reforms.
34. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (1951). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.uhncr.org/media/convention-and-protocol-relating-to-the-status-of-refugees.
35. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2011). Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.unhcr.org/fr-fr/en/media/convention-and-protocol-relating-to-the-status-of-refugees.
36. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2020). Figures at a Glance. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html.
37. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2021a). Refugee Survey Quarterly. Retrieved on January 17 from https://rsq.unhcr.org/.
38. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2021b). Resettlement. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/ressettlement.
39. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2021c). Resettlement Fact Sheet November 2021. Retrieved on January 17 from https://www.unhcr.org/protection/resettlement/61c444c14/resettlement-fact-sheet-november-2021.
40. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2021d). Turkiye | Global Focus. Retrieved on January 17 from https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/2544?y=2020#year.
41. The United Nations Refugee Agency. (2023). Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Turkiye. Retrieved on January 17 from https://unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey.
42. Tintori, G., Kalantaryan, S., Grubanov-Boskovic, S., Scipioni, M., Farinosi, F., Cattaneo, C., Benandi, B., Follador, M., Bidoglio, G., & Barbas, T. (2018). International migration drivers: A quantitative assessment of the structural factors shaping migration. European Commission Joint Research Center Science for Policy Report. Luxembourg, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
43. Van Hear, N., Bakewell, O., & Long, K. (2017). Push-pull plus: Reconsidering the drivers of migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 927–944. doi: 10.1080/1369183x.2017.1384135
44. World Education News Reviews. (2019). The State of Refugee Integration in Germany in 2019. Retrieved on January 17 from https://wenr.wes.org/2019/08/the-State-of-Refugee-Integration-in-Germany-in-2019.