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ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF TERRORISM ON THE EUROPEAN SECURITY ARCHITECTURE AFTER THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 TERROR ATTACKS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 51 - 69, 19.07.2021

Öz

Although it is known that there are very different identification attempts related to terrorism, it has not been possible to make a common identification accepted in the literature to date. But no matter how it is defined, terror has been an effective tool to intimidate innocent and vulnerable people and create a perception of intimidation that terrorists desire to reach. According to past periods, terrorist acts carried out today have increased their influence with the development of means of communication. No matter where it occurs in the world, people are instantly aware of terrorist attacks, thus the goal of influencing the target audience, which is the main goal of terrorist activities, is realized. The terrorist attacks in the United States (USA) on September 11, 2001 have made it clear that one hundred percent security cannot be ensured by the states. After these attacks in the United States, the Madrid and London attacks within the borders of the Union revealed that states should take joint decisions in the fight against terrorism. The study will examine the steps taken by European Union (EU) decision makers to eliminate terrorism within the borders of the Union as a result of the bombings in Madrid and London after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. In this context, analysis of strategy documents and Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TESAT) within the framework of building collective security will be carried out and the effects of the decisions taken on the European security architecture will be analyzed. In order to achieve this goal, Content Analysis and interpretation methods in the literature created by scanning various news, documents, articles and books will be used to analyze how successful the documents created so far have been in fighting terrorism and whether the measures implemented have been effective.

Kaynakça

  • 2004: Madrid Train Attacks (2011), BBC News retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-14666717 (e.t.: 02.01.2021)
  • AB Türkiye Delegasyonu. (2021), Schengen Bölgesi, retrieved from https://www.avrupa.info.tr/tr/schengen-bolgesi-602 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2021)
  • Argomaniz, J. (2009). Post-9/11 institutionalisation of European Union counter-terrorism: emergence, acceleration and inertia, European Security, 18:2, 151-172, DOI: 10.1080/09662830903460103
  • Barnutz, S. (2010). The EU's logic of security: politics through institutionalised discourses, European Security, 19:3, 377-394, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2010.528397
  • Bunyan,T (1993), Trevi, Europol and the European State, retrieved from https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/handbook-trevi.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Communities. (1992), Treaty on European Union, retrieved from https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/ treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf, ss. 131. (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Union. (2005, November), The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, retrieved from https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2013/10/21/c9acc196-6121-4269-81a6 b81b008217b6/publishable_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Union. (2008, December), Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy - Providing Security in a Changing World, retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/104630.pdf (Erişim Tarihi.: 15.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Union. (2008, July), Revised Strategy on Terrorist Financing, retrieved from https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11778-2008-REV-1/en/pdf (Erişim Tarihi:16.01.2021)
  • European Commission. (2010, November), Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament And The Council The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52010DC0673 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2020)
  • European Union Global Strategy. (2016), A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy, retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • European Union International Security Sector Advisory Team (ISSAT) Report. (2008) Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy- Providing Security in a Changing World, retrieved from https://issat.dcaf.ch/Learn/Resource-Library/Policy-and-Research-Papers/Report-on-the-Implementation-of-the-European-Security-Strategy-Providing-Security-in-a-Changing-World (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2021)
  • European Union. (1997, November), Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, The Treaties Establishing The European Communities And Certain Related Acts, retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A11997D%2FTXT (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • Europen Union External Action Service. (2018, June), Implementing the Global Strategy: EU delivers on security and defence, retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/eu-global-strategy/47517/implementing-global-strategy-eu-delivers-security-and-defence_en (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • EUROPOL. (2020), EU Terrorism And Trend Report (TE-SAT), retrieved from https://www.europol.europa.eu/tesat-report?page=0,1 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2020)
  • FATF and Annual Report. (2020), Financial Action Task Force and Annual Report, retrieved from, https://www.fatf-gafi.org/about/whatwedo/ and https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/brochuresannualreports/FATF-annual-report-2019-2020.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020)
  • Karabel,S (2016). Avrupa Birliği’nin 2016 Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi, BİLGESAM Avrupa Birliği Dergisi, No:1308, 1-9 Maastrisht Antlaşması. (1992), retrieved from https://antlasmalar.com/maastricht-antlasmasi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • NATO. (2005), Governing the Internet: The Extr erning the Internet: The Extraterritorial Effects of General Data Protection Regulation, retrieved from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2005/09/01/gijs-de-vries-eu-counter-terrorism coordinator/index.html and https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1197&context=honorsprojects (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2020)
  • O’Brien, P. (2016). Counter-terrorism in Europe: the elusive search for order, European Security, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1198896
  • Özdal,B. (2020). Avrupa Birliği Siyasi Bir Cüce Askeri Bir Solucan mı?, Dora Yayınları
  • Ray, M. (2005), London Bombings of 2005, Brittannica, retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/London-bombings-of-2005 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • Selchow, S. (2016). The construction of “European security” in The European Union in a changing global environment: a systematic analysis, European Security, 25:3, 281-303, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1199547
  • The European Commission. (2020, July), EU Security Union Strategy: Connecting the dots in a new security ecosystem, retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/cyprus/news/20200724_1_en (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2020)
  • The European Commission. (November, 2010). First thoughts on the EU’s Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five Sterps Towards A More Secure Europe, retrieved from https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2010/nov/eu-com-internal-security-strategy-nov-10.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2020)
  • The European Council. (1995, December) European Commission Report- Law In The European Union, retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/mad2_en.htm#annex3 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2020)
  • The European Council. (2001, Semtember), Conclusion and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting, retrieved from https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/conclusions_and_plan_of_action_of_the_extraordinary_european_council_meeting_21_september_2001-en-a012ede7-96d9-4c37-a7ce-cae949ddf401.html#:~:text=Twitter-,Conclusions%20and%20Plan%20of%20Action%20of%20the,Council%20Meeting%20(21%20September%202001)&text=It%20approves%20a%20plan%20of,terrorism%20and%20strengthening%20air%20security (Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2020)
  • The European Council. (2004, March), Declaration on Combating Terrorism, retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/79637.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2020)
  • The Member States Of The Council Of Europe. (1977, January), European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/090 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2021)
  • Timeline. (2018, June), European cooperation in the area of security and defence, retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/timeline_defence_june_2018.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • Youngs, R. (2002). The European security and defence policy: What impact on the EU's approach to security challenges?, European Security, 11:2, 101-124, DOI: 10.1080/09662830208407533

11 Eylül 2001 Terör Saldırıları Sonrasında Terörizmin Avrupa Güvenlik Mimarisine Etkilerinin Analizi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 51 - 69, 19.07.2021

Öz

Terör ile ilgili çok farklı tanımlama girişimlerinin olduğu bilinmesine rağmen bugüne kadar literatürde kabul gören ortak bir tanımlama yapılması mümkün olmamıştır. Ancak tanımlanması nasıl yapılırsa yapılsın terör, masum ve savunmasız insanları sindirmek ve teröristlerin ulaşılmasını arzu ettiği sindirilmişlik algısının yaratılabilmesi için etkili bir araç olmuştur. Geçmiş dönemlere göre günümüzde gerçekleştirilen terör eylemleri, haberleşme vasıtalarının gelişmesiyle beraber etkisini de arttırmıştır. Dünyanın neresinde yaşanırsa yaşansın terör saldırılarından insanlar anında haberdar olmakta, bu sayede terörist faaliyetlerin temel gayesi olan hedef kitleyi etkileme amacı gerçekleşmektedir. 11 Eylül 2001 tarihinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’nde meydana gelen terör saldırıları devletler tarafından yüzde yüz güvenliğin sağlanamayacağının anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. ABD’de yaşanan bu saldırılardan sonra Birlik sınırları içerisindeki Madrid ve Londra saldırılarının yaşanması, terörle mücadele kapsamında devletlerin ortaklaşa kararlar alınması gerektiğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çalışmada 11 Eylül 2001 Terör Saldırılarının ardından Madrid ve Londra’da yaşanan bombalama eylemleri neticesinde Avrupa Birliği (AB) karar vericileri tarafından Birlik sınırları içinde terörizmi ortadan kaldırmak adına atılan adımlar incelenecektir. Bu bağlamda kolektif güvenliğin inşa edilmesi kapsamında meydana gelen strateji belgeleri ve Terörizm Durum ve Eğilim Raporlarının (Terrorism Situation and Trend Report / TESAT) analizi gerçekleştirilerek, alınan kararların Avrupa Güvenlik Mimarisi’ne etkilerinin analizi yapılacaktır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için çeşitli haber, belge, makale ve kitap taranarak oluşturulan literatürde içerik analizi ve yorumsamacılık yöntemleri kullanılarak bugüne kadar oluşturulmuş belgelerin terörle mücadele konusunda ne kadar başarılı olduğu ve uygulanan tedbirlerin etkili olup olmadığının analizi yapılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • 2004: Madrid Train Attacks (2011), BBC News retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-14666717 (e.t.: 02.01.2021)
  • AB Türkiye Delegasyonu. (2021), Schengen Bölgesi, retrieved from https://www.avrupa.info.tr/tr/schengen-bolgesi-602 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2021)
  • Argomaniz, J. (2009). Post-9/11 institutionalisation of European Union counter-terrorism: emergence, acceleration and inertia, European Security, 18:2, 151-172, DOI: 10.1080/09662830903460103
  • Barnutz, S. (2010). The EU's logic of security: politics through institutionalised discourses, European Security, 19:3, 377-394, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2010.528397
  • Bunyan,T (1993), Trevi, Europol and the European State, retrieved from https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/handbook-trevi.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Communities. (1992), Treaty on European Union, retrieved from https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/docs/body/ treaty_on_european_union_en.pdf, ss. 131. (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Union. (2005, November), The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy, retrieved from https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2013/10/21/c9acc196-6121-4269-81a6 b81b008217b6/publishable_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Union. (2008, December), Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy - Providing Security in a Changing World, retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/104630.pdf (Erişim Tarihi.: 15.01.2021)
  • Council Of The European Union. (2008, July), Revised Strategy on Terrorist Financing, retrieved from https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11778-2008-REV-1/en/pdf (Erişim Tarihi:16.01.2021)
  • European Commission. (2010, November), Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament And The Council The EU Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five steps towards a more secure Europe retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52010DC0673 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2020)
  • European Union Global Strategy. (2016), A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy, retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • European Union International Security Sector Advisory Team (ISSAT) Report. (2008) Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy- Providing Security in a Changing World, retrieved from https://issat.dcaf.ch/Learn/Resource-Library/Policy-and-Research-Papers/Report-on-the-Implementation-of-the-European-Security-Strategy-Providing-Security-in-a-Changing-World (Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2021)
  • European Union. (1997, November), Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, The Treaties Establishing The European Communities And Certain Related Acts, retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A11997D%2FTXT (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • Europen Union External Action Service. (2018, June), Implementing the Global Strategy: EU delivers on security and defence, retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/eu-global-strategy/47517/implementing-global-strategy-eu-delivers-security-and-defence_en (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • EUROPOL. (2020), EU Terrorism And Trend Report (TE-SAT), retrieved from https://www.europol.europa.eu/tesat-report?page=0,1 (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2020)
  • FATF and Annual Report. (2020), Financial Action Task Force and Annual Report, retrieved from, https://www.fatf-gafi.org/about/whatwedo/ and https://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/brochuresannualreports/FATF-annual-report-2019-2020.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020)
  • Karabel,S (2016). Avrupa Birliği’nin 2016 Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi, BİLGESAM Avrupa Birliği Dergisi, No:1308, 1-9 Maastrisht Antlaşması. (1992), retrieved from https://antlasmalar.com/maastricht-antlasmasi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • NATO. (2005), Governing the Internet: The Extr erning the Internet: The Extraterritorial Effects of General Data Protection Regulation, retrieved from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2005/09/01/gijs-de-vries-eu-counter-terrorism coordinator/index.html and https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1197&context=honorsprojects (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2020)
  • O’Brien, P. (2016). Counter-terrorism in Europe: the elusive search for order, European Security, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1198896
  • Özdal,B. (2020). Avrupa Birliği Siyasi Bir Cüce Askeri Bir Solucan mı?, Dora Yayınları
  • Ray, M. (2005), London Bombings of 2005, Brittannica, retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/London-bombings-of-2005 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • Selchow, S. (2016). The construction of “European security” in The European Union in a changing global environment: a systematic analysis, European Security, 25:3, 281-303, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2016.1199547
  • The European Commission. (2020, July), EU Security Union Strategy: Connecting the dots in a new security ecosystem, retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/cyprus/news/20200724_1_en (Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2020)
  • The European Commission. (November, 2010). First thoughts on the EU’s Internal Security Strategy in Action: Five Sterps Towards A More Secure Europe, retrieved from https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2010/nov/eu-com-internal-security-strategy-nov-10.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2020)
  • The European Council. (1995, December) European Commission Report- Law In The European Union, retrieved from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/mad2_en.htm#annex3 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2020)
  • The European Council. (2001, Semtember), Conclusion and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting, retrieved from https://www.cvce.eu/en/obj/conclusions_and_plan_of_action_of_the_extraordinary_european_council_meeting_21_september_2001-en-a012ede7-96d9-4c37-a7ce-cae949ddf401.html#:~:text=Twitter-,Conclusions%20and%20Plan%20of%20Action%20of%20the,Council%20Meeting%20(21%20September%202001)&text=It%20approves%20a%20plan%20of,terrorism%20and%20strengthening%20air%20security (Erişim Tarihi: 17.12.2020)
  • The European Council. (2004, March), Declaration on Combating Terrorism, retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/79637.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2020)
  • The Member States Of The Council Of Europe. (1977, January), European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, retrieved from https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/090 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2021)
  • Timeline. (2018, June), European cooperation in the area of security and defence, retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/timeline_defence_june_2018.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2020)
  • Youngs, R. (2002). The European security and defence policy: What impact on the EU's approach to security challenges?, European Security, 11:2, 101-124, DOI: 10.1080/09662830208407533
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Serhat Güzel 0000-0001-6569-9041

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Güzel, S. (2021). 11 Eylül 2001 Terör Saldırıları Sonrasında Terörizmin Avrupa Güvenlik Mimarisine Etkilerinin Analizi. Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 51-69.