POLONYA AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ İLİŞKİLERİNİN GERİLME MUKAVEMETİ: YENİDEN ANLAŞMA MI ROL DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ Mİ?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 02.08.2022

Murat Necip Arman Ata Taha Kuveloğlu

Öz

Avrupa Birliği, 2015 yılında iktidara gelen Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi’nin basın özgürlüğü, yürütmenin yargıya müdahaleleri, cinsiyet politikaları ve çevre politikaları hakkındaki düzenlemeler nedeniyle Polonya’ya çeşitli yaptırımlar uygulamaktadır. Çalışmada, öncelikle bu düzenlemeler pratik, hukuki ve Avrupa entegrasyon boyutları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada 1990-2015 yılları arasında Polonya’nın Euro-Atlantik ittifakındaki olumlu rolü bölgesel alt sistem işbirlikçisi olarak kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Ancak Hukuk ve Adalet Partisi’nin iktidarı ile bu rolün dönüşerek iç gelişmelere odaklı olarak kavramsallaştırılmasının doğru olacağı çalışmanın bir diğer iddiasıdır. Bu rol değişiminin Polexit ile sonuçlanma olasılığının düşük olduğunu savunan çalışma; aksine, Rusya-Ukrayna krizinin seyrinin Polonya’yı Avrupa-Atlantik İttifakı ile daha uyumlu bir rol icra etmeye yönlendirebileceğini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Polonya, rol teorisi, farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon, Ukrayna-Rusya krizi, Poleksit, Avrupa Birliği

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Teşekkür

yok

THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF POLAND EUROPEAN UNION RELATIONS: A REALIGNMENT OR A ROLE CHANGE?

Öz

The EU has imposed on Poland, upon the regulations by the Law and Justice Party, which came to office in 2015, on press freedom, executive influence in the courts, gender policies, and environmental policies. In the study, these regulations are assessed in terms of their practical, legal, and European integration dimensions. This paper analyses Poland’s positive role in the Euro-Atlantic alliance as a ‘regional-subsystem collaborator’ between 1990 and 2015; nonetheless, it identifies this role, which has changed after 2015, as a state focus on her ‘internal development’. In this study, we assess the likelihood of the present role shift that may lead to Polexit low; on the contrary, we argue that the continuance of the Russia-Ukraine crisis will drive Poland to seek a more suitable role with the requirements of the Euro-Atlantic alliance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Poland, role theory, differentiated integration, Ukraine-Russia crisis, Polexit, the European Union

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

• Arman, M. N. (2017). "The Syrian Refugee Crisis and The European Union Conditionality." Doğu Anadolu Sosyal Bilimlerde Eğilimler Dergisi, 1:2: p. 10-20.
• Avbelj, M. (2011). “Supremacy or Primacy of EU Law - (Why) Does it Matter?”, European Law Journal, 17:6, p. 744–763.
• Avbelj, M. (2019). “Differentiated Integration - Farewell to the EU-27?” German Law Journal 14:1, p. 191-211.
• Backman, C. W. (1970). “Role Theory and International Relations: A Commentary and Extension”, International Studies Quarterly, 14:3, p. 310- 319.
• Barnes, J. & Day, M. (2021). EU court fines Poland €1m a day over judiciary row, The Telegraph, February 18, 2022, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2021/10/27/eu-court-fines-poland-1-million-euros-per-day-judiciary-row/#:~:text=A%20European%20Court%20hit%20Poland,between%20Warsaw%20and%20the%20bloc.
• Cengiz, Ç. & Arman, M. N. (2020). “Batı Balkan Ülkelerinin Avrupa Birliği Enerji Politikalarına Uyumu: Berlin Süreci ve Ötesi”, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2:2, p. 126-137.
• Cianciara, A. K. (2014). “Differentiated Integration and the Future of Europe. Debate in Poland.” Yearbook of Polish European Studies, 17, p. 167-189.
• Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe. (2019, March). Report following her visit to Poland from 11 to 15 March, Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https://rm.coe.int/report-on-the-visit-to-poland-from-11-to-15-march-2019-by-dunja-mijato/168094d848.
• DW. (2019). European Parliament Slams ‘LGBTI-free’ Zones in Poland, DW, Retrieved February 17, 2022, https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-slams-lgbti-free-zones-in-poland/a-51722613.
• EURACTIV. (2022). EU might propose freezing funds for Poland and Hungary before April, EURACTIV, January 15, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/eu-might-propose-freezing-funds-for-poland-and-hungary-before-april/.
• European Commission. (1991). European Agreements with Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, 22 November 1991, Retrieved February 19, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_91_1033.
• European Commission. (2021). Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation, Retrieved February 19, 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/eu-budget/protection-eu-budget/rule-law-conditionality-regulation_en.
• European Union Law. (1991). Opinion of the Court of 14 December 1991. Opinion 1/91. Reports of Cases 1991 I-06079, Official Journal of the European Union, Retrieved February 05, 2022, from https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf;jsessionid=A1BC3C802B462EC79F7121A48D9A7E62text=&docid=97703&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=1096275
• European Union Law. (2007). Treaty of Lisbon: Amending The Treaty on European Union and The Treaty Establishing The European Community, Official Journal of the European Union, Retrieved February 02, 2022, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT.
• European Union Law (2012). Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, Retrieved February 02, 2022, from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A12012M050.
• Florea, D. & Gales N. (2021). “Polexit-Is the Exit of Poland from the EU a Viable Option?”, European Journal of Law and Public Administration, 2021, 8:1, p. 29-38, p. 31.
• Gera, V. (2022). Poland prepares to accept Ukrainian refugees in case of war, ABC News, Retrieved February 18, 2022, https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/poland-prepares-accept-ukrainian-refugees-case-war-82875811.
• Holsti, K. J. (1970). “National Role Conceptions in The Study of Foreign Policy.” International Studies Quarterly, 14:3, p. 233-309.
• Karim, M. F. (2018). “Middle Power, Status-Seeking and Role Conceptions: The Cases of Indonesia and South Korea”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 72:4, p. 343-363.
• Kelemen, R. D. (2021). “Epilogue: A Note of Caution on Differentiated Integration.” Swiss Political Science Review 27:3, p. 672-681.
• Lasek-Markey, M. (2021). Poland’s Constitutional Tribunal on the status of EU law: The Polish government got all the answers it needed from a court it controls, European Law Blog News and Comments on the EU Law, Retrieved February 19, 2022, https://europeanlawblog.eu/2021/10/21/polands-constitutional-tribunal-on-the-status-of-eu-law-the-polish-government-got-all-the-answers-it-needed-from-a-court-it-controls/.
• Mango, T. (2017). “Abortion in Poland: A Question of Individual Responsibility and Ethics”, Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 2:3, p. 94-99.
• Marksoo, Ü. & Białasiewicz, L & Best U. (2010). “The Global Economic Crisis and Regional Divides in the European Union: Spatial Patterns of Unemployment in Estonia and Poland”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 51:1, p. 52-79.
• Meissner, V. & Tekin F. (2021). “Differentiated Integration as a Conscious Policy Choice?”, EUIDEA: Integration and Differentiation for Effectiveness and Accountability, 17, p. 1-19.
• Mercan S. (2020). “Polonya’nın İkilemi Olarak Avrupa Birliği ve Farklılaştırılmış Avrupa Bütünleşmesi”, Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28:2, p. 285-316.
• Przybylski, W. (2018). “Explaining Eastern Europe: Can Poland's Backsliding Be Stopped?”, Journal of Democracy, 29:3, p. 52-64.
• Rankin, J. (2020). Ursula von der Leyen says Poland's 'LGBT-free zones' have no place in EU, The Guardian, Retrieved February 19, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/16/ursula-von-der-leyen-says-polands-lgbt-free-zones-have-no-place-in-eu.
• Reuters. (2021). EU Brands Polish Media Bill 'a Negative Signal', Reuters, Retrieved January 10, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/eu-brands-polish-media-bill-a-negative-signal-2021-08-12/.
• Sata, R. & Karolewski, P. I. (2020). “Caesarean Politics in Hungary and Poland”, East European Politics, 36:2, p. 206-225.
• Schimmelfennig, F. (2020). “The Conference on the Future of Europe and EU Reform: Limits of Differentiated Integration.” European Papers-A Journal on Law and Integration 5:2, p. 989-998.
• Schweiger, C. & Magone J. M. (2014). “Differentiated integration and cleavage in the EU under crisis conditions.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 15:3, p. 259-265.
• Sitter, N. (2021). “Defending the State: Nationalism, Geopolitics and Differentiated Integration in Visegrád Four Security Policy.” European Foreign Affairs Review 26, p. 127-144.
• Stanley B. & Cześnik M. (2019). “Populism in Poland.” in Daniel Stockemer (ed.) Populism Around the World: A Comparative Perspective, Springer, Switzerland, p.67-99.