DETERMINING THE HEALTH PROBLEMS OF ELECTRONIC ATHLETES

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 42 - 58, 30.03.2020

Tanju Bahrilli , Hamiyet Yüce , Yasin Nuri Çakır

Öz

Objective: Electronic sports (esports) are worldwide phenomenon with its rapidly growing popularity and followers of the young generation. Esport, which is attracting great attention, also entails some health risks and problems. It is needed to determine these problems and risks. The aim of this study was to identify health problems of esport athletes.
Methods: Qualitative analysis was applied to data collected from self-reported electronic questionnaire to capture important health outcomes, injuries and environmental factors. From the results of questionnaire, statistical analysis was performed on physical activity, time spent sitting in front of the screen, health education received, pain, fatigue, correct posture and musculoskeletal complaints.
Findings: Evaluation was made of 47 esport athletes with a mean age of 20.98±1.39 years and BMI of 24.47±4.73 kg/m2. The time spent per day in front of the screen was 8.1±2.77 hours, during esport matches and training. Pain levels according to VAS and fatigue according to MBS were severe. Low back pain was the most common health problem. A moderate level positive correlation was determined between pain and screen time. The positive relationship between pain and fatigue severity was related to sitting posture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Electronic sports

Teşekkür

We would like to thank BanuEsport Centre employees for the main idea and views of the study and esport athletes for participating in our study

Kaynakça

• Aerenhouts, D., Ickmans, K., Clarys, P., Zinzen, E., Meersdom, G., Lambrecht, L., & Nijs, J. (2015). Sleep characteristics, exercise capacity and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Disabil Rehabil, 37(22), 2044-2050. doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.993093
• Aili, K., Andersson, M., Bremander, A., Haglund, E., Larsson, I., & Bergman, S. (2018). Sleep problems and fatigue as predictors for the onset of chronic widespread pain over a 5- and 18-year perspective. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 19(1), 390. doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2310-5
• Aliyari, H., Kazemi, M., Tekieh, E., Salehi, M., Sahraei, H., Daliri, M. R., . . . Ranjbar Aghdam, A. (2015). The Effects of Fifa 2015 Computer Games on Changes in Cognitive, Hormonal and Brain Waves Functions of Young Men Volunteers. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 6(3), 193-201.
• Aliyari, H., Sahraei, H., Daliri, M. R., Minaei-Bidgoli, B., Kazemi, M., Agaei, H., . . . Dehghanimohammadabadi, Z. (2018). The Beneficial or Harmful Effects of Computer Game Stress on Cognitive Functions of Players. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 9(3), 177-186. doi:10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.177
• Ball, K., & Crawford, D. (2005). Socioeconomic status and weight change in adults: a review. Soc Sci Med, 60(9), 1987-2010. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.056
• Bányai, F., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., & Demetrovics, Z. (2019). The Psychology of Esports: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of gambling studies, 35(2), 351-365. doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9763-1
• Biddle, S. J., Bennie, J. A., Bauman, A. E., Chau, J. Y., Dunstan, D., Owen, N., . . . van Uffelen, J. G. (2016). Too much sitting and all-cause mortality: is there a causal link? BMC Public Health, 16, 635. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3307-3
• Biddle, S. J. H., Garcia Bengoechea, E., Pedisic, Z., Bennie, J., Vergeer, I., & Wiesner, G. (2017). Screen Time, Other Sedentary Behaviours, and Obesity Risk in Adults: A Review of Reviews. Curr Obes Rep, 6(2), 134-147. doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0256-9
• Bingöl, U., Mete, H., & Yilmaz, Ö. (2019). Comparative qualitative analysis of Turkey and Estonia in the IT sector vacancies. Eastern Journal of European Studies, 10(2), 197–220.
• Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1996). The Biopsychosocial Model of Arousal Regulation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 28, pp. 1-51): Academic Press.
• Bonnar, D., Castine, B., Kakoschke, N., & Sharp, G. (2019). Sleep and performance in Eathletes: for the win! Sleep health, 5(6), 647-650. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.007
• Brink, Y., Louw, Q., & Grimmer, K. (2018). The amount of postural change experienced by adolescent computer users developing seated -related upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 22(3), 608-617. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.10.002
• Brink, Y., & Louw, Q. A. (2013). A systematic review of the relationship between sitting and upper quadrant musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents. Man Ther, 18(4), 281-288. doi:10.1016/j.math.2012.11.003
• Brown, H. E., Ryde, G. C., Gilson, N. D., Burton, N. W., & Brown, W. J. (2013). Objectively measured sedentary behavior and physical activity in office employees: relationships with presenteeism. J Occup Environ Med, 55(8), 945-953. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31829178bf
• Carson, V., Staiano, A. E., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2015). Physical activity, screen time, and sitting among U.S. adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 27(1), 151-159. doi:10.1123/pes.2014-0022
• Cvejic, E., Sandler, C. X., Keech, A., Barry, B. K., Lloyd, A. R., & Vollmer-Conna, U. (2017). Autonomic nervous system function, activity patterns, and sleep after physical or cognitive challenge in people with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Psychosom Res, 103, 91-94. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.10.010
• DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., Balentine, J., Schmidt, G., & Zwibel, H. (2019). Managing the health of the eSport athlete: an integrated health management model. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 5(1), e000467.
• DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., & Balentine, J. R. (2018). Collegiate eSport: Where Do We Fit In? Curr Sports Med Rep, 17(4), 117-118. doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000477
• Drza-Grabiec, J., Snela, S., Rykala, J., Podgorska, J., & Rachwal, M. (2015). Effects of the sitting position on the body posture of children aged 11 to 13 years. Work, 51(4), 855-862. doi:10.3233/wor-141901
• Dunton, G. F., Berrigan, D., Ballard-Barbash, R., Graubard, B., & Atienza, A. A. (2009). Joint associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with body mass index: results from a time use survey of US adults. International journal of obesity (2005), 33(12), 1427-1436. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.174
• Ecevit, R. G., Tunçe, F., Karaoğlu, O., Şahİn, E., & Özer, M. K. (2018). Elektronik Spor ve Elektronik Sporcular Üzerine Betimsel Bir İnceleme. Journal of Health and Sport Sciences (JHSS), 1(1-2), 3.
• Ekelund, U., Hildebrand, M., & Collings, P. J. (2014). Physical activity, sedentary time and adiposity during the first two decades of life. Proc Nutr Soc, 73(2), 319-329. doi:10.1017/s0029665114000019
• Fu, F. H., Tjoumakaris, F. P., & Buoncristiani, A. (2007). Building a sports medicine team. Clinics in sports medicine, 26(2), 173-179. doi:10.1016/j.csm.2006.12.003
• Garrow, J. S., & Webster, J. (1985). Quetelet's index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obes, 9(2), 147-153.
• Grandner, M. A., Chakravorty, S., Perlis, M. L., Oliver, L., & Gurubhagavatula, I. (2014). Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors. Sleep Med, 15(1), 42-50. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.012
• Hamari, J., & Sjöblom, M. (2017). What is eSports and why do people watch it? Internet Research, 27. doi:10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085
• Han, D. H., Lyoo, I. K., & Renshaw, P. F. (2012). Differential regional gray matter volumes in patients with on-line game addiction and professional gamers. J Psychiatr Res, 46(4), 507-515. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.004
• Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2004). Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet, 364(9430), 257-262. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16675-0
• Harrison, D. D., Harrison, S. O., Croft, A. C., Harrison, D. E., & Troyanovich, S. J. (1999). Sitting biomechanics part I: review of the literature. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22(9), 594-609.
• Hartvigsen, J., Lings, S., Leboeuf-Yde, C., & Bakketeig, L. (2004). Psychosocial factors at work in relation to low back pain and consequences of low back pain: A systematic, critical review of prospective cohort studies (Vol. 61).
• Hasan, Y., Bègue, L., & Bushman, B. (2013). Violent Video Games Stress People Out and Make Them More Aggressive (Vol. 39).
• Hey, H. W., Wong, C. G., Lau, E. T., Tan, K. A., Lau, L. L., Liu, K. G., & Wong, H. K. (2017). Differences in erect sitting and natural sitting spinal alignment-insights into a new paradigm and implications in deformity correction. Spine J, 17(2), 183-189. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2016.08.026
• Hilvoorde, I. v., & Pot, N. (2016). Embodiment and fundamental motor skills in eSports. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 10(1), 14-27. doi:10.1080/17511321.2016.1159246
• Hjortskov, N., Rissen, D., Blangsted, A. K., Fallentin, N., Lundberg, U., & Sogaard, K. (2004). The effect of mental stress on heart rate variability and blood pressure during computer work. Eur J Appl Physiol, 92(1-2), 84-89. doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1055-z
• Hutchins, B. (2008). Signs of meta-change in second modernity: the growth of e-sport and the World Cyber Games. New Media & Society, 10(6), 851-869. ie-sf.org. (2017). IeSF agree on partnership with Bahçeşehir University. Retrieved from https://www.ie-sf.org/news/iesf-agree-on-partnership-with-- bah%C3%A7e%C5%9Fehir-university/
• Jenny, S. E., Manning, R. D., Keiper, M. C., & Olrich, T. W. (2017). Virtual(ly) Athletes: Where eSports Fit Within the Definition of “Sport”. Quest, 69(1), 1-18. doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1144517
• Jia, B., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2018). Influences of continuous sitting and psychosocial stress on low back kinematics, kinetics, discomfort, and localized muscle fatigue during unsupported sitting activities. Ergonomics, 61(12), 1671-1684. doi:10.1080/00140139.2018.1497815
• Kamaci, S., Yucekul, A., Demirkiran, G., Berktas, M., & Yazici, M. (2015). The Evolution of Sagittal Spinal Alignment in Sitting Position During Childhood. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 40(13), E787-793. doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000000884
• Kraus, K., Schutz, E., Taylor, W. R., & Doyscher, R. (2014). Efficacy of the functional movement screen: a review. J Strength Cond Res, 28(12), 3571-3584. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000556
• Landry, B. W., & Driscoll, S. W. (2012). Physical activity in children and adolescents. Pm r, 4(11), 826-832. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.09.585
• Laratta, J., Caldwell, J. M., Lombardi, J., Levine, W., & Ahmad, C. (2017). Evaluation of common elbow pathologies: a focus on physical examination. Phys Sportsmed, 45(2), 184-190. doi:10.1080/00913847.2017.1292831
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping: Springer Publishing Company.
• Le Mansec, Y., Pageaux, B., Nordez, A., Dorel, S., & Jubeau, M. (2018). Mental fatigue alters the speed and the accuracy of the ball in table tennis. J Sports Sci, 36(23), 2751-2759. doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1418647
• Lobel, A., Granic, I., & Engels, R. (2013). Stressful Gaming, Interoceptive Awareness, and Emotion Regulation Tendencies: A Novel Approach (Vol. 17).
• Makhsous, M., Lin, F., Bankard, J., Hendrix, R. W., Hepler, M., & Press, J. (2009). Biomechanical effects of sitting with adjustable ischial and lumbar support on occupational low back pain: evaluation of sitting load and back muscle activity. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 10, 17. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-10-17
• Malina, R. M., Rogol, A. D., Cumming, S. P., Coelho e Silva, M. J., & Figueiredo, A. J. (2015). Biological maturation of youth athletes: assessment and implications. Br J Sports Med, 49(13), 852-859. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094623
• Marshall, M., & Bibby, J. (2011). Supporting patients to make the best decisions. In: British Medical Journal Publishing Group.
• McGuire, S. (2016). World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO Press, 2015. Adv Nutr, 7(2), 418-419. doi:10.3945/an.116.012211
• Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 13(3), 313-316.
• Morl, F., & Bradl, I. (2013). Lumbar posture and muscular activity while sitting during office work. J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 23(2), 362-368. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.10.002
• Munir, F., Houdmont, J., Clemes, S., Wilson, K., Kerr, R., & Addley, K. (2015). Work engagement and its association with occupational sitting time: results from the Stormont study. BMC Public Health, 15, 30. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1427-9
• Patterson, R., McNamara, E., Tainio, M., de Sa, T. H., Smith, A. D., Sharp, S. J., . . . Wijndaele, K. (2018). Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 33(9), 811-829. doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1
• Pluss, M. A., Bennett, K. J. M., Novak, A. R., Panchuk, D., Coutts, A. J., & Fransen, J. (2019). Esports: The Chess of the 21st Century. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 156-156. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00156
• Porter, A. M., & Goolkasian, P. (2019). Video Games and Stress: How Stress Appraisals and Game Content Affect Cardiovascular and Emotion Outcomes. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 967-967. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00967
• Reports, W. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 894, i-xii, 1-253.
• Romero-Corral, A., Somers, V. K., Sierra-Johnson, J., Thomas, R. J., Collazo-Clavell, M. L., Korinek, J., . . . Lopez-Jimenez, F. (2008). Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population. International journal of obesity (2005), 32(6), 959-966. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.11
• Rossler, R., Donath, L., Verhagen, E., Junge, A., Schweizer, T., & Faude, O. (2014). Exercise-based injury prevention in child and adolescent sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 44(12), 1733-1748. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0234-2
• Roy, A., & Ferguson, C. J. (2016). Competitively versus cooperatively? An analysis of the effect of game play on levels of stress. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 14-20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.020
• Saunders, N., Otago, L., Romiti, M., Donaldson, A., White, P., & Finch, C. (2010). Coaches' perspectives on implementing an evidence-informed injury prevention programme in junior community netball. Br J Sports Med, 44(15), 1128-1132. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.069039
• Schneider, K. J., Leddy, J. J., Guskiewicz, K. M., Seifert, T., McCrea, M., Silverberg, N. D., . . . Makdissi, M. (2017). Rest and treatment/rehabilitation following sport-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 51(12), 930-934. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097475
• Schut, L., Wangensteen, A., Maaskant, J., Tol, J. L., Bahr, R., & Moen, M. (2017). Can Clinical Evaluation Predict Return to Sport after Acute Hamstring Injuries? A Systematic Review. Sports Med, 47(6), 1123-1144. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0639-1
• Schwartz, N. (2014). More people watch eSports than watch the World Series or NBA Finals. In: Obtenido de For The Win from USA Today Sports: http://ftw. usatoday. com ….
• Shiyovich, A., Shlyakhover, V., & Katz, A. (2013). [Sitting and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality]. Harefuah, 152(1), 43-48, 58, 57.
• Silva, A. G., Sa-Couto, P., Queiros, A., Neto, M., & Rocha, N. P. (2017). Pain, pain intensity and pain disability in high school students are differently associated with physical activity, screening hours and sleep. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 18(1), 194. doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1557-6
• Smith, M. R., Zeuwts, L., Lenoir, M., Hens, N., De Jong, L. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2016). Mental fatigue impairs soccer-specific decision-making skill. J Sports Sci, 34(14), 1297-1304. doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1156241
• Soomro, N., Sanders, R., Hackett, D., Hubka, T., Ebrahimi, S., Freeston, J., & Cobley, S. (2016). The Efficacy of Injury Prevention Programs in Adolescent Team Sports: A Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med, 44(9), 2415-2424. doi:10.1177/0363546515618372
• Speed, C. (2013). High-performance sports medicine. Clin Med (Lond), 13(1), 47-49. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.13-1-47
• Steptoe, A., & Kivimaki, M. (2012). Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol, 9(6), 360-370. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45
• Sterling, P., & Eyer, J. (1988). Allostasis: A New Paradigm to Explain Arousal Pathology.
• Szczygiel, E., Zielonka, K., Metel, S., & Golec, J. (2017). Musculo-skeletal and pulmonary effects of sitting position - a systematic review. Ann Agric Environ Med, 24(1), 8-12. doi:10.5604/12321966.1227647
• Taylor, T. L. (2012). Raising the Stakes: E-sports and the Professionalization of Computer Gaming: MIT Press.
• Van Cutsem, J., Marcora, S., De Pauw, K., Bailey, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). The Effects of Mental Fatigue on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. Sports Med, 47(8), 1569-1588. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0672-0
• Vela, L. I., & Denegar, C. (2010). Transient disablement in the physically active with musculoskeletal injuries, part I: a descriptive model. J Athl Train, 45(6), 615-629. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-45.6.615
• Wagner, M. (2006). On the Scientific Relevance of eSports.
• Werneck, A. O., Vancampfort, D., Oyeyemi, A. L., Stubbs, B., & Silva, D. R. (2018). Associations between TV viewing, sitting time, physical activity and insomnia among 100,839 Brazilian adolescents. Psychiatry Res, 269, 700-706. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.101
• WHO. (2019). Physical activity. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
• Wilkes, C., Kydd, R., Sagar, M., & Broadbent, E. (2017). Upright posture improves affect and fatigue in people with depressive symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry, 54, 143-149. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.07.015
• Witkowski, E. (2009). Probing the sportiness of eSports. eSports yearbook, 53-56.
• World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser, 894, i-253.
• Yükçü, S., & Kaplanoğlu, E. (2018). E-spor endüstrİsİ. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi. doi:10.18092/ulikidince.435207
• Zwibel, H., DiFrancisco-Donoghue, J., DeFeo, A., & Yao, S. (2019). An Osteopathic Physician's Approach to the Esports Athlete. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 119(11), 756-762. doi:10.7556/jaoa.2019.125