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An Assessment on the WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 182 - 191, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1744340

Öz

Since the early 2000s, one of the issues on the agenda of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and many countries has been the relationship and scope between genetic resources, traditional knowledge, and the intellectual property regime. In the current intellectual property regime, inventions related to traditional knowledge based on biodiversity are increasing. While Western companies in fields such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture are generally the ones obtaining new products from natural resources in the market, they act as "users" of these resources. The indigenous communities, who are the original owners of these resources, namely the southern countries with rich biodiversity, are in the role of "providers" of these resources. Consequently, the issue of fair and equitable sharing of benefits arises between resource providers and users. In 2024, after lengthy negotiations, WIPO adopted the "Agreement on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge." This agreement is described as a historic step within the principles of "harmonization and balance" between the protection of traditional knowledge based on genetic resources and intellectual property rights. In general, the agreement was negotiated taking into account complaints about patents granted based on traditional knowledge without disclosing the origin of the source. This agreement aimed to prevent an effective patent regime and erroneous patents based on traditional knowledge. It is also referred to as an agreement that bridges biodiversity law and intellectual property law. This study argues that the agreement contains gaps and uncertainties in international legal principles for the protection of indigenous communities and the realization of benefit-sharing, and that due to the failure to reach the target number of signatures/ratifications, the agreement cannot enter into force, and even if legal processes have begun, the provisions of the agreement will remain limited in practice.

Kaynakça

  • Akıcı, T. C. (2024). Genetik kaynaklar ve bunlarla ilgili geleneksel bilgilerin korunmasında (biyokorsanlığın önlenmesinde) fikri mülkiyet sisteminin rolü. Yetkin Yayınları.
  • Alkan, G., Gürakan B. (2024). Genetik kaynaklar ve geleneksel bilgilerin fikri mülkiyet hakları ile korunması güncel gelişmeler ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Fikri Gündem Dergisi, 29, 15-24.
  • Batista, P. (2024). The WIPO igc chair’s draft on ip and genetic resources—reasons for concern. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 19(4), 328-336.
  • Fredriksson, M. (2023). India’s traditional knowledge digital library and the politics of patent classifications. Law Critique, 34, 1–19.
  • Gopakumar, K.M. (2024). WIPO opens more widely the door to biopiracy. https://infogm.org/en/wipo-opens-more-widely-the-door-to-biopiracy, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2025.
  • Gopalakrishnan, N.S., Srividhya R., Narendran T., (2024). Intellectual property, genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge. Environmental Law Institute, 54, 10829-10836.
  • Goss, L. (2025). 25 Years in the making: the WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Harvard International Law Journal, 66, 35-74.
  • Haugen, H. (2025). A new treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Etikki praksis. Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, 19(1), 59-76.
  • Jefferson, D. J. (2025). The World Intellectual Property Organization Treaty on genetic resources and traditional knowledge: Implications for plant science. Plants, People, Planet, 7(4), 901–905.
  • Jonge, B. (2011). What is fair and equitable benefit-sharing? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 24, 127-146.
  • Karim, M. (2024). Disclosure of origin for genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge patents: An overview of the WIPO treaty. https://www.4ipcouncil.com/application/files/5817/3158/5970/Disclosure_of_o.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2025.
  • Kuruk, P. (2015). Regulating access to traditional knowledge and genetic resources: The disclosure requirement as a strategy to combat biopiracy. San Diego International Law Journal, 17, 3-72.
  • Milchior, R. (2025). WIPO treaty on ip, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge: A new international agreement, but does it really create a full new ip right? Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 20(3), 129-130.
  • Müller, M., Diego F., Alejandro M., (2024). The WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge: Situating a landmark development in international intellectual property governance. GRUR International, 73(12), 1128–1136.
  • Oguamanam, C. (2025). The New WIPO genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge treaty: A symbolic and modest step toward an inclusive and just ip system, https://www.oguamanam.com/publications/new-wipo-treaty. Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.
  • Oğuz, A. (2009). Fikri mülkiyet hakları ve geleneksel bilgi (yerel) ve folklorun hukuki korunması. FMR, S.9(3), 10-52.
  • Reddy, P. (2024). WIPO treaty on rights to genetic resources. https://www.theindiaforum.in/international-affairs/wipo-treaty-genetic-resources-reflects-newfound-pragmatism. Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.
  • Semiz, Ö. (2015). Geleneksel bilgi, folklor ve fikri mülkiyet hukuku: yerel kollektif bilginin hukuki korunması. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2013 (Ed. Tekin Memiş). Yetkin Yayınları.
  • Silva, R. (2024). Brief notes on the historic treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge, rede de direito digital. Intelectual & Sociedade, Curitiba, 4(8), 223-238.
  • Syam, N., Correa, C. (2024). Understanding the new WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. South centre policy brief. https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PB131_Understanding-the-New WIPO-Treaty-on-Intellectual-Property-Genetic-Resources-and-Associated-Traditional Knowledge_EN.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2025.
  • Ünsal, Ö. (2024). “Fikri mülkiyet, genetik kaynaklar ve bağlantılı geleneksel bilgi hakkında WIPO antlaşması” kabul edildi. https://iprgezgini.org/2024/05/. Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2025.
  • Vane, M. (2023). Questioning the potential of the forthcoming WIPO’s diplomatic conference on intellectual property and genetic resources: Endless negotiations coming to a successful end? Lse Law Review, 9, 48-89.
  • Wayo, F. (2025). One year after the adoption of WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources, and traditional knowledge: reflections on the treaty’s progress, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392066924_One_Year_after_the_Adoption_of_WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property_Genetic_Resources_and_Traditional_Knowledge_Reflections_on_the_Treaty's_Progress, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2025.
  • Welch, F. (2024). Striking a balance between innovation and tradition in the global patent system. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 19(10), 747-749.
  • Welch, F. (2025). Bio-based innovation and the global patent system: Exploring the WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. GRUR International, 74(5), 436-446.
  • Wend, W. (2024). WIPO Nigeria Office Roundtable Discussion Propels Discourse Among Experts, IP Offices and Other Stakeholders on the WIPO Treaty on Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. https://www.wipo.int/en/web/office-nigeria/w/news/2024/wipo-nigeria-office-roundtable-2024, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.
  • Yu, Peter K. (2024). WIPO Negotiations on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Akron Law Review, 57(2), 277-326.

WIPO Fikri Mülkiyet, Genetik Kaynaklar ve Bunlarla İlişkili Geleneksel Bilgiler Anlaşması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 182 - 191, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1744340

Öz

2000’li yılların başından beri Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Örgütü’nün (WIPO) ve birçok ülkenin gündeminde olan konulardan biri de genetik kaynaklar ve geleneksel bilgilerin fikri mülkiyet rejimi arasındaki ilişki ve kapsamıyla ilgilidir. Mevcut fikri mülkiyet rejiminde biyoçeşitliliğe dayalı geleneksel bilgilere ilişkin buluşlar artmaktadır. Doğal kaynaklardan yararlanarak piyasada yeni ürün elde edenler genellikle ilaç, kozmetik, tarım gibi batılı şirketler iken kaynakları “kullanıcı” rolündedir. Bu kaynakların asıl sahipleri olan yerli toplulukların yani zengin biyoçeşitliliğe sahip güney ülkeleri ise kaynakları “sağlayıcı” rolündedir. Dolayısıyla kaynakları sağlayıcıları ve kullanıcıları arasında faydaların adil ve eşit paylaşımı sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. 2024 yılında WIPO, “Fikri Mülkiyet, Genetik Kaynaklar ve Geleneksel Bilgiye İlişkin Anlaşması”nı uzun süren müzakerelerin sonunda kabul etmiştir. Bu anlaşma, genetik kaynaklara dayalı geleneksel bilgilerin korunması ve fikri mülkiyet hakları arasındaki “uyumlaştırma ve denge” ilkeleri kapsamsında tarihi bir adım olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Genel olarak anlaşma, geleneksel bilgilere dayalı verilen patentlerin kaynağın kökeninin açıklanmaması şikâyetleri dikkate alarak müzakere edilmiştir. Bu anlaşma etkin patent rejimi ve geleneksel bilgilere dayalı hatalı patentleri önlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Aynı zamanda biyoçeşitlilik hukuku ve fikri mülkiyet hukuk arasında bir köprü kuran bir anlaşma olarak da adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, anlaşmanın yerli toplulukların korunması ve fayda paylaşımın gerçekleştirilmesi için uluslararası hukukta ilkelerde boşluklar, belirsizlikler taşıdığını ve imza/onaylama sayısının belirlenen hedefe ulaşamamasından anlaşmanın yürürlüğe gir(e)memesi, hukuksal süreçler başlamış dahi olsa anlaşma hükümlerinin uygulamada sınırlı kalacağını ileri sürmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akıcı, T. C. (2024). Genetik kaynaklar ve bunlarla ilgili geleneksel bilgilerin korunmasında (biyokorsanlığın önlenmesinde) fikri mülkiyet sisteminin rolü. Yetkin Yayınları.
  • Alkan, G., Gürakan B. (2024). Genetik kaynaklar ve geleneksel bilgilerin fikri mülkiyet hakları ile korunması güncel gelişmeler ve Türkiye’nin konumu. Fikri Gündem Dergisi, 29, 15-24.
  • Batista, P. (2024). The WIPO igc chair’s draft on ip and genetic resources—reasons for concern. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 19(4), 328-336.
  • Fredriksson, M. (2023). India’s traditional knowledge digital library and the politics of patent classifications. Law Critique, 34, 1–19.
  • Gopakumar, K.M. (2024). WIPO opens more widely the door to biopiracy. https://infogm.org/en/wipo-opens-more-widely-the-door-to-biopiracy, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2025.
  • Gopalakrishnan, N.S., Srividhya R., Narendran T., (2024). Intellectual property, genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge. Environmental Law Institute, 54, 10829-10836.
  • Goss, L. (2025). 25 Years in the making: the WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Harvard International Law Journal, 66, 35-74.
  • Haugen, H. (2025). A new treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Etikki praksis. Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, 19(1), 59-76.
  • Jefferson, D. J. (2025). The World Intellectual Property Organization Treaty on genetic resources and traditional knowledge: Implications for plant science. Plants, People, Planet, 7(4), 901–905.
  • Jonge, B. (2011). What is fair and equitable benefit-sharing? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 24, 127-146.
  • Karim, M. (2024). Disclosure of origin for genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge patents: An overview of the WIPO treaty. https://www.4ipcouncil.com/application/files/5817/3158/5970/Disclosure_of_o.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2025.
  • Kuruk, P. (2015). Regulating access to traditional knowledge and genetic resources: The disclosure requirement as a strategy to combat biopiracy. San Diego International Law Journal, 17, 3-72.
  • Milchior, R. (2025). WIPO treaty on ip, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge: A new international agreement, but does it really create a full new ip right? Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 20(3), 129-130.
  • Müller, M., Diego F., Alejandro M., (2024). The WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge: Situating a landmark development in international intellectual property governance. GRUR International, 73(12), 1128–1136.
  • Oguamanam, C. (2025). The New WIPO genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge treaty: A symbolic and modest step toward an inclusive and just ip system, https://www.oguamanam.com/publications/new-wipo-treaty. Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.
  • Oğuz, A. (2009). Fikri mülkiyet hakları ve geleneksel bilgi (yerel) ve folklorun hukuki korunması. FMR, S.9(3), 10-52.
  • Reddy, P. (2024). WIPO treaty on rights to genetic resources. https://www.theindiaforum.in/international-affairs/wipo-treaty-genetic-resources-reflects-newfound-pragmatism. Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.
  • Semiz, Ö. (2015). Geleneksel bilgi, folklor ve fikri mülkiyet hukuku: yerel kollektif bilginin hukuki korunması. Fikri Mülkiyet Hukuku Yıllığı 2013 (Ed. Tekin Memiş). Yetkin Yayınları.
  • Silva, R. (2024). Brief notes on the historic treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources, and associated traditional knowledge, rede de direito digital. Intelectual & Sociedade, Curitiba, 4(8), 223-238.
  • Syam, N., Correa, C. (2024). Understanding the new WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. South centre policy brief. https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PB131_Understanding-the-New WIPO-Treaty-on-Intellectual-Property-Genetic-Resources-and-Associated-Traditional Knowledge_EN.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 13.07.2025.
  • Ünsal, Ö. (2024). “Fikri mülkiyet, genetik kaynaklar ve bağlantılı geleneksel bilgi hakkında WIPO antlaşması” kabul edildi. https://iprgezgini.org/2024/05/. Erişim Tarihi: 21.08.2025.
  • Vane, M. (2023). Questioning the potential of the forthcoming WIPO’s diplomatic conference on intellectual property and genetic resources: Endless negotiations coming to a successful end? Lse Law Review, 9, 48-89.
  • Wayo, F. (2025). One year after the adoption of WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources, and traditional knowledge: reflections on the treaty’s progress, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392066924_One_Year_after_the_Adoption_of_WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property_Genetic_Resources_and_Traditional_Knowledge_Reflections_on_the_Treaty's_Progress, Erişim Tarihi: 15.07.2025.
  • Welch, F. (2024). Striking a balance between innovation and tradition in the global patent system. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 19(10), 747-749.
  • Welch, F. (2025). Bio-based innovation and the global patent system: Exploring the WIPO treaty on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. GRUR International, 74(5), 436-446.
  • Wend, W. (2024). WIPO Nigeria Office Roundtable Discussion Propels Discourse Among Experts, IP Offices and Other Stakeholders on the WIPO Treaty on Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge. https://www.wipo.int/en/web/office-nigeria/w/news/2024/wipo-nigeria-office-roundtable-2024, Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2025.
  • Yu, Peter K. (2024). WIPO Negotiations on intellectual property, genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge. Akron Law Review, 57(2), 277-326.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Erdal Güler 0000-0002-4787-4800

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Güler, E. (2025). WIPO Fikri Mülkiyet, Genetik Kaynaklar ve Bunlarla İlişkili Geleneksel Bilgiler Anlaşması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 7(3), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1744340

JENAS | Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies