Araştırma Makalesi
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Theophrastus' Philosophical Approach to Animals

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 (In Honour of Nesrin Algan), 377 - 387, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1586344

Öz

Theophrastus adopted an approach that emphasized the existence of moral responsibilities that humans have towards animals and argued that these responsibilities should be considered among the ethical duties that humans owe to animals, thereby presenting a perspective that differed from the dominant Aristotelian view of his time. He believed that causing unnecessary suffering to animals was morally and ethically wrong and argued for the existence of a natural kinship between humans and animals. Theophrastus based this kinship not only on biological similarities but also on the intellectual capacity and sensitivity of animals as sentient beings. He opposed animal sacrifice on ethical grounds. The aim of this study is therefore to examine in detail Theophrastus’ philosophical approach to animals and the ethical justifications that underpin this approach. Therefore, the study first explains the practices of animal sacrifice, vegetarianism and the perception of animals in ancient Greek civilization and then analyses Theophrastus’ ethical arguments against animal sacrifice and meat consumption as well as his claims regarding animals as intelligent and sentient beings. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology, using methods of literature review and descriptive content analysis.

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles (2014). Nikomakhos’a etik (Çev. Özcan, Z.). Sentez Yayın ve Dağıtım.
  • Aristoteles (2002). Politika (M. Tuncay, Çev.). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Brink, C. O. (1956). Theophrastus and Zeno on Nature in Moral Theory. Phronesis, 1(2), 123-145.
  • Burkert, W. (1972). Lore And Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Harvard University Press.
  • Burkert, W. (1983). Homo-Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth. University of California Press.
  • Caldwel, R. S. (1987). Hesiod’s Theogony: Translated, with Introduction, Commentary, and Interpretive Essay. Focus Information Group.
  • Clark, G. (Çev.) (2000). Porphyry: on Abstinence from Killing Animals. Cornell University Press.
  • Dombrowski, D. A. (1984a). The Philosophy of Vegetarianism. University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Dombrowski, D. A. (1984b). Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry, Journal of the History of Ideas, 45(1), 141-143.
  • Drozdek, A. (2007). Greek Philosophers as Theologians: The Divine Arche. Ashgate.
  • Edwards, G. F. (2018). Reincarnation, Rationality and Temperance: Platonists on not Eating Animals. İçinde Adamson, P., & Edwards, G. F. (Eds.), Animals: A history (ss. 27-55). Oxford University Press.
  • Ekroth, G. (2014). Animal Sacrifice in Antiquity. İçinde Campbell, G. L (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Animals ın Classical Thought and Life (ss. 324-354). Oxford University Press.
  • Fortenbaugh, W., Huby, P., Shaples, R. W. & Gutas, D. (1993). Theophrastus of Eresus Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and influence: Volume I life, Writings, Various Reports, Logic, Physics. Brill.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. (2003). Theophrastean Studies. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. & Gutas, D. (2011). Theophrastus of Eresus Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and Influence Commentary Volume 6.1: Sources on Ethics. Brill.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. & Gutas, D. (2014). Theophrastus of Eresus Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and Influence Commentary Volume 9.2: Sources on Discoveries and Beginnings, Proverbs et al. (Texts 727–741). Brill.
  • Garnsey, P. (1999). Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilhus, I. S. (2006). Animals, Gods and Humans: Changing Attitudes to Animals in Greek, Roman and Early Christian Thought. Routledge.
  • Graf, F. (2021). Caloric Codes: Ancient Greek Animal Sacrifice. İçinde J. Kindt (Ed.), Animals in Ancient Greek Religion (ss. 171-196). Routledge.
  • Hesiodos (2016). Theogonia -İşler ve Günler (A. Erhat ve S. Eyüboglu, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Huby, P. M. (1998). Theophrastus (c.372–c.287 BC). İçinde Knust, J. W & Várhelyi, Z. (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Hughes, J. D. (1985). Theophrastus as Ecologist. Environmental Review, 9(4), 296-306.
  • Iamblichus (1818). Iamblichus’ Life of Pythagoras (Cilt II). J. M. Watkins.
  • Ierodiakonou, K. (2020). Theophrastus on Non-Human Animals that Change Colour. İçinde Lerodiakonou, K. (Ed.), Colour Psychology in the Graeco-Roman World (ss. 81-114). Fondatıon Hardt.
  • Kaya, E. (2024). Hayvan Etiği Tartışmaları Bağlamında Türkiye’de Hayvan Hakları Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kindt, J. (2021). On Gods, Humans, and Animals. İçinde Kindt, J. (Ed.). Animals in Ancient Greek Religion (ss. 1-14). Routledge.
  • Laertius, D. (1925). Lives of the Eminent Philosophers (R. D. Hicks, Çev., Cilt II). W. Heinemann.
  • Laertius, D. (1959). Lives of the Eminent Philosophers (R. D. Hicks, Çev., Cilt I). W. Heinemann.
  • Leitzmann, C. (2014). Vegetarian Nutrition: Past, Present, Future. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100, 496S-502S.
  • Lonsdale, S. (1979). Attitudes Towards Animals in Ancient Greece. Greece and Rome, 26(2), 146-159.
  • Mansfeld, J. (1992). A Theophrastean Excursus on God and Nature and its Aftermath in Hellenistic Thought. Phronesis, 37, 314-335.
  • Mauro, L. (2017). The Philosophical Origins of Vegetarianism: Greek Philosophers and Animal World. Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism, 5, 13-26.
  • Mikalson, J. (2010). Greek Popular Religion in Greek Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
  • Newmyer, S. T. (2006). Animals, Rights and Reason ın Plutarch and Modern Ethics. Routledge.
  • Osek, E. (2015). The Orphic Diet. Littera Antiqua, 10, 25-200.
  • Preece, R. (2008). Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought. UBC Press.
  • Peters, F. E. (2004). Antik Yunan Felsefesi Terimleri Sözlüğü (H. Hünler, Çev.) Paradigma Yayıncılık.
  • Platon (2002). Devlet (4. Basım). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Regan, T. (1983). The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press.
  • Rives, J. B. (2011). The Theology of Animal Sacrifice in the Ancient Greek World. İçinde Knust, J. W & Várhelyi, Z. (Eds.), Ancient Mediterranean Sacrifice (ss.187-202). Oxford University Press.
  • Rowe, C., J. (1999). Transmigration. İçinde Hornblower, S., & Spawforth, A. (Eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (ss. 1546). Oxford University Press.
  • Rubner, H. (1985). Greek Thought and Forest Science. Environmental Review: ER, 9(4), 277–295.
  • Sallares J. R. (1999). Ecology (Greek and Roman). İçinde Hornblower, S., & Spawforth, A. (Eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (ss. 502). Oxford University Press.
  • Sias, J. J. (2016). Ancient Animal Ethics: The Earliest Arguments for the Ethical Consideration of Nonhuman Animals. The Downtown Review, 2(1), 1-26.
  • Sorabji, R. (1995). Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of The Western Debate. Cornell University Press.
  • sorabji r. (1998). Is Theophrastus a Significant Philosopher?. Içinde Van Ophuijsen, J. M. & Van Raalte, M. (Eds.), Theophrastus: Reappraising the Sources (ss. 223-221). Routledge.
  • Steiner, G. (2005). Anthropocentrism and its Discontents: The Moral Status of Animals in the History of Western Philosophy. University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Zucker, A. (2017). Psychological, Cognitive and Philosophical Aspects of Animal ‘Envy’ Towards Humans in Theophrastus and Beyond. İçinde Fögen, T., & Thomas, E. (Eds.), Interactions Between Animals and Humans in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (ss. 159-182). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.

Theophrastus’un Hayvanlara Felsefi Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 (In Honour of Nesrin Algan), 377 - 387, 30.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1586344

Öz

Theophrastus, insanların hayvanlara karşı ahlaki sorumlulukların varlığını vurgulayan ve bu sorumlulukların insanların hayvanlara karşı etik görevleri arasında yer alması gerektiğini savunan bir anlayış benimseyerek döneminin hâkim Aristotelesçi bakış açısından farklı bir yaklaşım sergilemiştir. Theophrastus, hayvanlara gereksiz yere acı çektirmenin ahlaki ve etik açıdan yanlış olduğuna inanmıştır İnsanlar ve hayvanlar arasında doğal bir akrabalık bulunduğunu savunmuştur. Bu akrabalığın kökenini de biyolojik benzerliklerin yanı sıra hayvanların akıl ve zekâya dayalı yetileri ile duyarlı varlıklar olmaları üzerine temellendirmiştir. Theophrastus, etik gerekçelerle hayvanların kurban edilmesine karşı çıkmıştır. Böylece bu çalışmanın amacı, Theophrastus’un hayvanlara yönelik felsefi yaklaşımı ve bu yaklaşımın dayandığı etik gerekçeleri ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemektir. Bu nedenle çalışmada ilk olarak Antik Yunan uygarlığında hayvanların konumu ve hayvan algısı açıklandıktan sonra Theophrastus’un hayvan kurbanı ve et tüketimine karşı öne sürdüğü etik gerekçeler ile hayvanların zeki ve duyarlı varlıklar olduğuna dair argümanları detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi benimsenen çalışmada literatür taraması ve betimsel içerik analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.

Etik Beyan

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Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir finansal destek alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aristoteles (2014). Nikomakhos’a etik (Çev. Özcan, Z.). Sentez Yayın ve Dağıtım.
  • Aristoteles (2002). Politika (M. Tuncay, Çev.). Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Brink, C. O. (1956). Theophrastus and Zeno on Nature in Moral Theory. Phronesis, 1(2), 123-145.
  • Burkert, W. (1972). Lore And Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Harvard University Press.
  • Burkert, W. (1983). Homo-Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth. University of California Press.
  • Caldwel, R. S. (1987). Hesiod’s Theogony: Translated, with Introduction, Commentary, and Interpretive Essay. Focus Information Group.
  • Clark, G. (Çev.) (2000). Porphyry: on Abstinence from Killing Animals. Cornell University Press.
  • Dombrowski, D. A. (1984a). The Philosophy of Vegetarianism. University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Dombrowski, D. A. (1984b). Vegetarianism and the Argument from Marginal Cases in Porphyry, Journal of the History of Ideas, 45(1), 141-143.
  • Drozdek, A. (2007). Greek Philosophers as Theologians: The Divine Arche. Ashgate.
  • Edwards, G. F. (2018). Reincarnation, Rationality and Temperance: Platonists on not Eating Animals. İçinde Adamson, P., & Edwards, G. F. (Eds.), Animals: A history (ss. 27-55). Oxford University Press.
  • Ekroth, G. (2014). Animal Sacrifice in Antiquity. İçinde Campbell, G. L (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Animals ın Classical Thought and Life (ss. 324-354). Oxford University Press.
  • Fortenbaugh, W., Huby, P., Shaples, R. W. & Gutas, D. (1993). Theophrastus of Eresus Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and influence: Volume I life, Writings, Various Reports, Logic, Physics. Brill.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. (2003). Theophrastean Studies. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. & Gutas, D. (2011). Theophrastus of Eresus Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and Influence Commentary Volume 6.1: Sources on Ethics. Brill.
  • Fortenbaugh, W. & Gutas, D. (2014). Theophrastus of Eresus Sources for his Life, Writings, Thought and Influence Commentary Volume 9.2: Sources on Discoveries and Beginnings, Proverbs et al. (Texts 727–741). Brill.
  • Garnsey, P. (1999). Food and Society in Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gilhus, I. S. (2006). Animals, Gods and Humans: Changing Attitudes to Animals in Greek, Roman and Early Christian Thought. Routledge.
  • Graf, F. (2021). Caloric Codes: Ancient Greek Animal Sacrifice. İçinde J. Kindt (Ed.), Animals in Ancient Greek Religion (ss. 171-196). Routledge.
  • Hesiodos (2016). Theogonia -İşler ve Günler (A. Erhat ve S. Eyüboglu, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Huby, P. M. (1998). Theophrastus (c.372–c.287 BC). İçinde Knust, J. W & Várhelyi, Z. (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Hughes, J. D. (1985). Theophrastus as Ecologist. Environmental Review, 9(4), 296-306.
  • Iamblichus (1818). Iamblichus’ Life of Pythagoras (Cilt II). J. M. Watkins.
  • Ierodiakonou, K. (2020). Theophrastus on Non-Human Animals that Change Colour. İçinde Lerodiakonou, K. (Ed.), Colour Psychology in the Graeco-Roman World (ss. 81-114). Fondatıon Hardt.
  • Kaya, E. (2024). Hayvan Etiği Tartışmaları Bağlamında Türkiye’de Hayvan Hakları Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Kindt, J. (2021). On Gods, Humans, and Animals. İçinde Kindt, J. (Ed.). Animals in Ancient Greek Religion (ss. 1-14). Routledge.
  • Laertius, D. (1925). Lives of the Eminent Philosophers (R. D. Hicks, Çev., Cilt II). W. Heinemann.
  • Laertius, D. (1959). Lives of the Eminent Philosophers (R. D. Hicks, Çev., Cilt I). W. Heinemann.
  • Leitzmann, C. (2014). Vegetarian Nutrition: Past, Present, Future. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100, 496S-502S.
  • Lonsdale, S. (1979). Attitudes Towards Animals in Ancient Greece. Greece and Rome, 26(2), 146-159.
  • Mansfeld, J. (1992). A Theophrastean Excursus on God and Nature and its Aftermath in Hellenistic Thought. Phronesis, 37, 314-335.
  • Mauro, L. (2017). The Philosophical Origins of Vegetarianism: Greek Philosophers and Animal World. Relations: Beyond Anthropocentrism, 5, 13-26.
  • Mikalson, J. (2010). Greek Popular Religion in Greek Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
  • Newmyer, S. T. (2006). Animals, Rights and Reason ın Plutarch and Modern Ethics. Routledge.
  • Osek, E. (2015). The Orphic Diet. Littera Antiqua, 10, 25-200.
  • Preece, R. (2008). Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought. UBC Press.
  • Peters, F. E. (2004). Antik Yunan Felsefesi Terimleri Sözlüğü (H. Hünler, Çev.) Paradigma Yayıncılık.
  • Platon (2002). Devlet (4. Basım). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Regan, T. (1983). The Case for Animal Rights. University of California Press.
  • Rives, J. B. (2011). The Theology of Animal Sacrifice in the Ancient Greek World. İçinde Knust, J. W & Várhelyi, Z. (Eds.), Ancient Mediterranean Sacrifice (ss.187-202). Oxford University Press.
  • Rowe, C., J. (1999). Transmigration. İçinde Hornblower, S., & Spawforth, A. (Eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (ss. 1546). Oxford University Press.
  • Rubner, H. (1985). Greek Thought and Forest Science. Environmental Review: ER, 9(4), 277–295.
  • Sallares J. R. (1999). Ecology (Greek and Roman). İçinde Hornblower, S., & Spawforth, A. (Eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (ss. 502). Oxford University Press.
  • Sias, J. J. (2016). Ancient Animal Ethics: The Earliest Arguments for the Ethical Consideration of Nonhuman Animals. The Downtown Review, 2(1), 1-26.
  • Sorabji, R. (1995). Animal Minds and Human Morals: The Origins of The Western Debate. Cornell University Press.
  • sorabji r. (1998). Is Theophrastus a Significant Philosopher?. Içinde Van Ophuijsen, J. M. & Van Raalte, M. (Eds.), Theophrastus: Reappraising the Sources (ss. 223-221). Routledge.
  • Steiner, G. (2005). Anthropocentrism and its Discontents: The Moral Status of Animals in the History of Western Philosophy. University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Zucker, A. (2017). Psychological, Cognitive and Philosophical Aspects of Animal ‘Envy’ Towards Humans in Theophrastus and Beyond. İçinde Fögen, T., & Thomas, E. (Eds.), Interactions Between Animals and Humans in Graeco-Roman Antiquity (ss. 159-182). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Biliminde Çevre Politikası
Bölüm Tüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ece Kaya 0000-0003-3287-6958

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 (In Honour of Nesrin Algan)

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, E. (2024). Theophrastus’un Hayvanlara Felsefi Yaklaşımı. JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 6(3 (In Honour of Nesrin Algan), 377-387. https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1586344

JENAS | Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies