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Current Approaches in Water Management in the Context of Adaptation to Climate Change: Examination of the Netherlands, Spain and the People's Republic of China

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 142 - 169, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1743135

Öz

One of the most important and tangible impacts of climate change today is the disruption of the water cycle. While increasing temperatures increase the rate of evaporation, irregularities in rainfall regimes increase the risk of both drought and flooding with sudden and heavy rainfall. This is especially the case in urban areas covered with impermeable surfaces. With the diversifying needs of the growing world population, the water footprint on water resources is also increasing. Ground and surface water resources are being depleted due to climate change, pollution, and overconsumption. As in many regions of the world, our country is among the countries experiencing water stress. According to the World Economic Forum’s (WEF, 2023) projections, global water demand is expected to exceed the current supply by 40% by 2030. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR6 report emphasises that “water management” plays a central role in climate adaptation strategies, and in particular that the principles of integrated watershed management (IWRM) are one of the key tools for building systems resilient to climate change. The study, therefore, aims to explore current water management approaches for increasing global resilience to climate change. The examples selected in the study are from countries in different geographical regions where the impacts of climate change are felt to a significant extent. The basic principles of current water management approaches in Spain, a European Union country located in the south of the Mediterranean basin, and the Netherlands, a northern European Union country with a long history of water management experience, as well as People’s Republic of China, which is located in Asia and ranks second in the world population ranking, were examined. In this context, literature research was conducted, and documents such as international and national conventions, institutional and research reports, and legislation were utilised. It is understood that a planning and management approach that integrates natural, social, economic and cultural values at the basin scale increases climate resilience. When examining practices aimed at increasing climate resilience, nature-based solutions such as blue-green infrastructure, ecosystem restoration, increased permeable surfaces, rainwater harvesting, and more, along with innovation and the integration of technological investments with water-sensitive spatial planning and design approaches, participatory processes and water governance are gaining importance in light of local scenarios. These approaches will also be inspiring for our country.

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İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Bağlamında Su Yönetiminde Güncel Yaklaşımlar: Hollanda, İspanya ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Örneklerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 142 - 169, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1743135

Öz

Günümüzde iklim değişikliğinin en önemli ve somut etkilerinin başında su döngüsündeki bozulmalar gelmektedir. Artan sıcaklıklar, buharlaşma oranını yükseltirken yağış rejimlerindeki düzensizlikler hem kuraklık hem de ani ve şiddetli yağışlarla taşkın riskini artırmaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle geçirimsiz yüzeyler ile kaplı kentsel alanlarda etkisini daha da olumsuz bir şekilde göstermektedir. Artan Dünya nüfusunun çeşitlenen ihtiyaçları ile su kaynakları üzerinde yarattığı su ayak izi de artmaktadır. Yeraltı ve yerüstü su kaynakları iklim değişikliği yansıra kirlilik, aşırı tüketim vb. nedenlerle yitirilmektedir. Dünyanın birçok bölgesinde olduğu gibi ülkemiz de su stresi yaşanan ülkeler arasında yer almaktadır. Dünya Ekonomik Forumu’nun (WEF, 2023) projeksiyonlarına göre 2030 yılına gelindiğinde küresel su talebinin mevcut arzı %40 oranında aşması beklenmektedir. Hükümetler arası İklim Değişikliği Paneli (IPCC) AR6 raporu “su yönetiminin” iklim adaptasyonu stratejilerinde merkezi bir rol oynadığını ve özellikle entegre havza yönetimi (IWRM) ilkelerinin iklim değişikliğine karşı dirençli sistemler inşa etmede temel araçlardan biri olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada dünyada iklim değişikliğine karşı dirençliliği arttırmak için güncel su yönetimi yaklaşımlarının neler olduğunu araştırmak amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada seçilen örnekler farklı coğrafi bölgelerde yer alan ve iklim değişikliğinin etkilerinin önemli ölçüde hissedildiği ülkeler arasından seçilmiştir. Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri arasında Akdeniz Havzası’nda yer alan İspanya, yine Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri arasında kuzeyde yer alan ve su yönetimi tecrübesi çok eski tarihlere dayanan Hollanda ile Asya kıtasında ve dünya nüfusu sıralamasında ikinci sırada yer alan Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’ndeki güncel su yönetimi yaklaşımlarının temel ilkeleri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda literatür araştırması yapılmış; uluslararası-ulusal sözleşmeler, kurum ve araştırma raporları, mevzuat vb. dokümanlardan yararlanılmıştır. İncelenen örnek ülkelerde havza ölçeğinde doğal, sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel değerleri bir arada ele alan bir planlama ve yönetim yaklaşımının iklim dirençliliğini artırdığı anlaşılmaktadır. İklime dirençliliğin artırılmasına yönelik uygulamalarda yerele özgü farklı senaryolar ışığında mavi-yeşil altyapının geliştirilmesi, ekosistem restorasyonu, geçirimli yüzeylerin artırılması, yağmur suyu hasadı vb. doğa temelli çözümler, inovasyon, teknolojik yatırımların suya duyarlı mekânsal planlama ve tasarım yaklaşımları ile entegrasyonu ve katılımcı süreçler ve su yönetişimi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu yaklaşımların ülkemiz acısından da ilham verici olması arzulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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  • d’Angremond, K. (2003). From Disaster to Delta Project: The Storm Flood of 1953. Terra et Aqua, (90), 3–11. https://www.iadc-dredging.com/.../article-from-disaster-to-delta-project-the-storm-flood-of-1953-90-01.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • DablaNorris, E., Nozaki, M., & Daniel, J. (2021, Eylül). Asia’s Climate Emergency. IMF Finance & Development. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2021/09/asia-climate-emergency-role-of-fiscal-policy-IMF-dabla. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • De Urbanisten. (t.y.). Benthemplein. Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2025, https://www.urbanisten.nl/work/benthemplein.
  • Delta Programme. (t.y.). What is the Delta Programme. from https://english.deltaprogramma.nl/delta-programme/what-is-the-delta-programme. Erişim tarihi: 14 Temmuz 2025
  • Dutchwatersector. (t.y.a). Room for the River Programme. https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/room-for-the-river-programme. Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2025
  • Dutchwatersector. (t.y.b). Dutch Innovative Flood Barrier Enters the USA Market. https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/dutch-innovative-flood-barrier-enters-the-usa-market. Erişim tarihi: 22.05.2025
  • Dutchwatersector. (t.y.c). Mangroves for Coastal Protection. https://www.dutchwatersector.com/news/mangroves-for-coastal-protection. Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2025
  • Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2025, 9 Temmuz). Spain. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • EU Climate-ADAPT. (2024). EU Adaptation Strategy. European Environment Agency., https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/. Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2025
  • European Union. (2009). *Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Marine Environmental Policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive)*. Official Journal of the European Union, L 164, 19–40. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2008/56/oj. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Flynn, C., Yamasumi, E., Fisher, S., Snow, D., Grant, Z., Kirby, M., Browning, P., Rommerskirchen, M., & Russell, I. (2021). Peoples’ Climate Vote. UNDP.  https://www.undp.org/publications/peoples-climate-vote. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • GalvezHernandez, P., Dai, Y., & Muntaner, C. (2025). The DANA Disaster: Unraveling the Political and Economic Determinants for Valencia’s Floods Devastation. International Journal for Equity in Health, 24, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939025024350
  • Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü [FAO]. (2024). Dünya Su Kaynaklarının Durumu: Su Stresi Endeksi Raporu [The State of the World's Water Resources: Water Stress İndex Report]. https://www.fao.org/water-stress-reports. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Government of the Netherlands. (t.y.). Delta Programme. https://www.government.nl/topics/delta-programme. Erişim tarihi: 13.07.2025
  • Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, & Sabin Center for Climate Change Law. (2021). Climate Change Laws of the World Database. London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Guardian News and Media. (2024a, 1 Kasım). Why were the Floods in Spain so Bad? A Visual Guide. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/…/why-were-the-floods-in-spain-so-bad-a-visual-guide. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Guardian News and Media. (2024b, 30 Ekim). Spain’s Deadly Floods and Droughts are two Faces of the Climate Crisis Coin. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/…/spain-deadly-floods-and-severe-droughts-are-two-faces-of-the-climate-change-coin. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli [IPCC]. (2014a). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (C. B. Field et al., Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli [IPCC]. (2014b). Climate change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (V. R. Barros et al., Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli [IPCC]. (2014c). Summary for Policymakers. In C. B. Field et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ss. 1–32). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli [IPCC]. (2014d). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (O. Edenhofer et al., Eds.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli [IPCC]. (2022). Climate Change 2022. Chapter 1: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H.O. Pörtner et al., Eds.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
  • Jiang, Y., Ka Shun Chan, F., Holden, J., Zhao, Y., & Guan, D. (2013). China’s Water Management—Challenges and Solutions. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 12(7).
  • Kızıltoprak, F., & Arıkoğlu Ündücü, C. A. (2022). Water Basin Managements in the World and Türkiye. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 39(4), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.39.4.12
  • Leszczycki, S., & Linton, D. L. (1963). The Development of Geography in the People’s Republic of China. Geography, 48(2), 139–154. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40565574. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Liu, J., & Yang, W. (2012). Water Sustainability for China and Beyond. Science, 337(6095), 649–650. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1219471
  • Liu, J., Tian, C. Z. S., Liu, J., Yang, H., Jia, S., Yu, L., Liu, B., & Zhang, M. (2013). Water Conservancy Projects in China: Achievements, Challenges, and Way Forward. Global Environmental Change, 23(3), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.02.002
  • Liu, Q., Du, M., Wang, Y., Deng, J., Yan, W., Qin, C., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2024). Global, Regional and National Trends and Impacts of Natural Flood 1990–2022. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 102, 410–420. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.23.290243. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Martínez Euklidiadas, M. (2023, 7 Aralık). Barcelona’s Innovative Smart Water Management Makes the Most of Every Drop. Tomorrow.City. https://www.tomorrow.city/barcelonas-innovative-smart-water-management-makes-the-most-of-every-drop/. Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2025
  • Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. (2025). Confederación Hidrográfica del Ebro. https://www.chebro.es/inicio. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China. (2016). The 13th FiveYear Plan. https://english.mee.gov.cn/Resources/Plans/National_Fiveyear_Plan/201706/P020170605420340944828.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Nl Netherlands. (t.y.). Delta Works (Land of Water). from https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/getting-around/interests/land-of-water/delta-works. Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2025
  • Özgüleş, M. (2008). Hollanda'nın Suyla Sınavı. Bilim ve Teknik, 41(616), 64–72. https://e-dergi.tubitak.gov.tr/.../yaziid=26257. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Öztürk, S., Tönük, G. U., & Gülgün, B. (2014). Türkiye’de Havza Yönetimi ve Yönetim Planı Yaklaşımları. Ziraat Mühendisliği Dergisi, (361), 59–63.
  • Rijkswaterstaat. (t.y.a). Rijkswaterstaat. https://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025
  • Rijkswaterstaat. (t.y.b). Room for the River. https://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/en/projects/iconic-structures/room-for-the-river. Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2025
  • Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2024). Water Use and Stress. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2024). Water Use and Stress. Our World in Data.  https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Royal HaskoningDHV. (t.y.). Room for the River. from https://www.royalhaskoningdhv.com/en/projects/room-for-the-river. Erişim tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2025
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  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC]. (2016). Paris Agreement, COP 21. UNFCCC Secretariat.
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  • Üstün, Y. M. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti | Akademik Coğrafya. Akademik Cografya. https://www.akademikcografya.com/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-cografyasi. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Water as a right, as a resource, as an opportunity. Agua Segura. (2024, 4 Eylül). Water as a Right, as a Resource, as an Opportunity. https://aguasegura.com/. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Water Natuurlijk. (t.y.). Over Water Natuurlijk. https://waternatuurlijk.nl/over-water-natuurlijk. Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2025
  • Watersnoodmuseum. (t.y.). The Museum. from https://www.watersnoodmuseum.nl/en/the-museum. Erişim tarihi: 1 Nisan 2025
  • World Economic Forum (WEF). (2023, 11 Ocak). Küresel Riskler Raporu 2023 [Global Risks Report 2023]. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2023/. Erişim tarihi: 15.07.2025
  • World Economic Forum. (2021). The Global Risks Report 2021: Insight Report. World Economic Forum.
  • Worldometer. (t.y.). Spain Map (physical). https://www.worldometers.info/maps/spain-map/. Erişim tarihi: 14.07.2025
  • Xu, X., Tan, Y., & Yang, G. (2013). Çin'deki Üç Boğaz Projesi'nin Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmeleri: Sorunlar ve Müdahaleler. EarthScience Reviews, 124, 115–125.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kentleşme Politikaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hale Mamunlu Kocabaş 0000-0001-5163-0254

Rumeysa Mut 0009-0001-5534-2185

Esma Karakelle 0009-0004-0364-1361

Melis Kivilcim 0009-0003-9302-2347

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mamunlu Kocabaş, H., Mut, R., Karakelle, E., Kivilcim, M. (2025). İklim Değişikliğine Uyum Bağlamında Su Yönetiminde Güncel Yaklaşımlar: Hollanda, İspanya ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Örneklerinin İncelenmesi. JENAS Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, 7(2), 142-169. https://doi.org/10.53472/jenas.1743135

JENAS | Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies