Steel, being the most versatile and cost-effective metallic material, has been scrutinise by researchers as new metallic materials with superior mechanical properties continue to emerge. Moreover, conventional metallic materials such as aluminium, magnesium, and titanium have been favoured in various engineering applications where lightweight design is crucial. This paper presents experimental results on the reuse of creep-exhausted steel and low-density stainless steel, highlighting their potential to compete with existing conventional metallic materials or newly developed ones like high entropy alloys. The paper argues that steel's availability, versatility, and affordability will continue to position it as the leading metallic material in the years to come. It also provides examples of how steel contributes to environmental sustainability and the overall well-being of the geriatric population. Environmental sustainability and overall well-being are prominent goals within the United Nations' sustainable development agenda.
J. Rogers. (2007) The most widely used man-made material. [online]. Available:https://www.linkedin.com/learning/construction-management-concrete-construction/the-most-widely-used-man-made-material?resume=false
Texas Iron and Metal. (2023) Steel and the industrial revolution. [online]. Available:https://www.texasironandmetal.com/steel-industrial-revolution/
World Steel Assocation. (2022) SpaceX relies on stainless-steel for starship mars rocket. [online]. Available: https://worldsteel.org/steel-stories/innovation/spacex-relies-on-stainless-steel-for-starship-mars-rocket/
C. Leyens and M. Peters, Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications, 1st ed., Weinheim, Germany: Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003.
D.B. Miracle and O.N. Senkov, “A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts,” Acta Materialia., vol. 122, pp. 448–511, 2017.
S. Maube, J. Obiko, J.V. van der Merwe, F. Mwema, D. Klenam, and M. Bodunrin, “Comparative study on hot metal flow behaviour of virgin and rejuvenated heat treatment creep exhausted P91 steel,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 4449, 2023.
M. Godec and S. Balantič, “Coarsening behaviour of M23C6 carbides in creep resistant steel exposed to high temperatures,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 29734, pp. 1–7, 2016.
T. Masole, L.A. Cornish, and M.O. Bodunrin, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Creep-exhausted 14MoV6-3 Steel after Regenerative Heat Treatment,” Proceedings of the 57th Annual Conference of Microscopy society of Southern Africa, Gold Reef City Theme Park, Johannesburg 5 to 8 December 2022.
J. Li and K. Yu, “A study on legislative and policy tools for promoting the circular economic model for waste management in China,” J Mater Cycles Waste Manag., vol. 13, pp. 103–112, 2011.
G. Golański, “Regenerative Heat Treatment of Low Alloy Cast Steel, in: Czerwinski, F. (Ed.), Heat Treatment - Conventional and Novel Applications. InTech, pp. 21–40.
S. Chen, R. Rana, A. Haldar, and R.K. Ray, “Current state of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steels,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 89, pp. 345–391, 2017.
J. Moon, H.Y. Ha, K.W. Kim, S.J. Park, T.H. Lee, S.D. Kim, J.H. Jang, H.H. Jo, H.U. Hong, B.H. Lee, Y.J. Lee, C. Lee, D.W. Suh, H.N. Han, D. Raabe, and C.H. Lee, “A new class of lightweight, stainless steels with ultra-high strength and large ductility,” Sci. Rep. Vol. 10, pp. 1–10, 2020.
ASTM Standard G102-89, Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United State: ASTM International, 2006.
T. Komane, N. Maledi, D. Klenam, J. van der Merwe, M. Bodunrin, “Flow behavior and microstructure of hot-worked Fe-30.9Mn-4.9Al-4.5Cr-0.4C and Fe-21.3Mn-7.6Al-4.3Cr-1C low-density stainless steels,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2310, 2023.
M.O. Bodunrin, A. Dladla, N. Rundora, and D.E.P. Klenam, “Corrosion behaviour of austenitic low-density stainless steels in simulated body fluids,” Proceedings of the 57th Annual Conference of Microscopy society of Southern Africa, Gold Reef City Theme Park, Johannesburg 5 to 8 December 2022.
R. Bhola, S.M. Bhola, B. Mishra, and D.L. Olson, “Corrosion in titanium Dental Implants/Prostheses - A Review, “Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 34–36.
Çeliğin Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik ve Genel Refah İçin Çok Yönlü ve Ekonomik Katkıları
Çelik, maliyet etkinliği ve çok yönlülüğüyle tanınan bir metalik malzemedir. Araştırmacılar, sürekli olarak üstün mekanik özelliklere sahip yeni metalik malzemeleri incelemektedirler. Özellikle, hafif tasarımın önem kazandığı mühendislik uygulamalarında, alüminyum, magnezyum ve titanyum gibi geleneksel metalik malzemeler tercih edilmektedir. Ancak, çekme-yorulma sonucu kullanılamaz hale gelen çelik ve düşük yoğunluklu paslanmaz çelik gibi malzemelerin, yeni geliştirilmiş metalik malzemelerle rekabet edebilecek potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, bu malzemelerin yeniden kullanımıyla ilgili deneysel sonuçlar sunulmakta ve çeliğin, mevcut ve yeni geliştirilmiş malzemelerle rekabet edebilecek düzeyde bulunduğu savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, çeliğin bulunabilirliği, çok yönlülüğü ve ekonomikliği ön plana çıkarılarak, çeliğin önümüzdeki yıllarda da önde gelen metalik malzeme olmaya devam edeceği ifade edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, çeliğin çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve yaşlanan nüfusun genel refahına nasıl katkı sağladığına dair örnekler de sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışma, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve genel refah gibi önemli hedefler doğrultusunda Birleşmiş Milletlerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma gündemine katkı sağlamaktadır.
J. Rogers. (2007) The most widely used man-made material. [online]. Available:https://www.linkedin.com/learning/construction-management-concrete-construction/the-most-widely-used-man-made-material?resume=false
Texas Iron and Metal. (2023) Steel and the industrial revolution. [online]. Available:https://www.texasironandmetal.com/steel-industrial-revolution/
World Steel Assocation. (2022) SpaceX relies on stainless-steel for starship mars rocket. [online]. Available: https://worldsteel.org/steel-stories/innovation/spacex-relies-on-stainless-steel-for-starship-mars-rocket/
C. Leyens and M. Peters, Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications, 1st ed., Weinheim, Germany: Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003.
D.B. Miracle and O.N. Senkov, “A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts,” Acta Materialia., vol. 122, pp. 448–511, 2017.
S. Maube, J. Obiko, J.V. van der Merwe, F. Mwema, D. Klenam, and M. Bodunrin, “Comparative study on hot metal flow behaviour of virgin and rejuvenated heat treatment creep exhausted P91 steel,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 4449, 2023.
M. Godec and S. Balantič, “Coarsening behaviour of M23C6 carbides in creep resistant steel exposed to high temperatures,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, no. 29734, pp. 1–7, 2016.
T. Masole, L.A. Cornish, and M.O. Bodunrin, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Creep-exhausted 14MoV6-3 Steel after Regenerative Heat Treatment,” Proceedings of the 57th Annual Conference of Microscopy society of Southern Africa, Gold Reef City Theme Park, Johannesburg 5 to 8 December 2022.
J. Li and K. Yu, “A study on legislative and policy tools for promoting the circular economic model for waste management in China,” J Mater Cycles Waste Manag., vol. 13, pp. 103–112, 2011.
G. Golański, “Regenerative Heat Treatment of Low Alloy Cast Steel, in: Czerwinski, F. (Ed.), Heat Treatment - Conventional and Novel Applications. InTech, pp. 21–40.
S. Chen, R. Rana, A. Haldar, and R.K. Ray, “Current state of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steels,” Prog. Mater. Sci., vol. 89, pp. 345–391, 2017.
J. Moon, H.Y. Ha, K.W. Kim, S.J. Park, T.H. Lee, S.D. Kim, J.H. Jang, H.H. Jo, H.U. Hong, B.H. Lee, Y.J. Lee, C. Lee, D.W. Suh, H.N. Han, D. Raabe, and C.H. Lee, “A new class of lightweight, stainless steels with ultra-high strength and large ductility,” Sci. Rep. Vol. 10, pp. 1–10, 2020.
ASTM Standard G102-89, Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, United State: ASTM International, 2006.
T. Komane, N. Maledi, D. Klenam, J. van der Merwe, M. Bodunrin, “Flow behavior and microstructure of hot-worked Fe-30.9Mn-4.9Al-4.5Cr-0.4C and Fe-21.3Mn-7.6Al-4.3Cr-1C low-density stainless steels,” Appl. Sci., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2310, 2023.
M.O. Bodunrin, A. Dladla, N. Rundora, and D.E.P. Klenam, “Corrosion behaviour of austenitic low-density stainless steels in simulated body fluids,” Proceedings of the 57th Annual Conference of Microscopy society of Southern Africa, Gold Reef City Theme Park, Johannesburg 5 to 8 December 2022.
R. Bhola, S.M. Bhola, B. Mishra, and D.L. Olson, “Corrosion in titanium Dental Implants/Prostheses - A Review, “Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 34–36.
Bodunrin, M. O. (2024). Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being. Journal of Steel Research and Development, 5(1), 46-55.
AMA
Bodunrin MO. Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being. JESRED. Temmuz 2024;5(1):46-55.
Chicago
Bodunrin, Michael Oluwatosin. “Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being”. Journal of Steel Research and Development 5, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024): 46-55.
EndNote
Bodunrin MO (01 Temmuz 2024) Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being. Journal of Steel Research and Development 5 1 46–55.
IEEE
M. O. Bodunrin, “Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being”, JESRED, c. 5, sy. 1, ss. 46–55, 2024.
ISNAD
Bodunrin, Michael Oluwatosin. “Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being”. Journal of Steel Research and Development 5/1 (Temmuz 2024), 46-55.
JAMA
Bodunrin MO. Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being. JESRED. 2024;5:46–55.
MLA
Bodunrin, Michael Oluwatosin. “Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being”. Journal of Steel Research and Development, c. 5, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 46-55.
Vancouver
Bodunrin MO. Exploring the Versatility and Affordability of Steel for Environmental Sustainability and Overall Well-Being. JESRED. 2024;5(1):46-55.