A Comprehensive Analysis of Strategies, Challenges and Policies on Turkish Sustainable Energy Development

Yıl 2022, , 231 - 250, 30.12.2022

Serdar Dindar

https://doi.org/10.30931/jetas.1132618

Cited By: 1

Öz

Turkey's rapid population and economic growth have caused a significant increase in energy demand over the last two decades. As a result, a process of evaluating alternative energy strategies and policies was required to be formulated carefully along with the country's longer-term decarbonisation aims. Although Turkey's considerable renewable energy potential exists, its dependency on foreign energy and its dramatically depreciating currency have been the main drivers of revisions to these renewable energy-related policies. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate all the strategies and challenges of Turkey's green steps toward a sustainable future. Sustainable developments of many developed countries have been examined and compared to assess Turkish strategies and significant policies that have been taken. As findings, it has been revealed that policy revisions regarding the use of domestic technology in green power plants decelerate investments for a short time. However, it has been found that renewable energy patent applications have declined, although domestic technology in green energy plants has been promoted through these policy revisions. As a result of this dilemma, the quality and effectiveness of green research and development (R&D) in Turkey have been investigated and then benchmarked with most leading countries. It has been observed that there is no correlation and relation between the patent application and the articles on renewable energy. Therefore, the paper has provided insight into new policies and strategies to enhance the productivity of R&D for both Turkey and developing similar countries. Consequently, potential measures to increase Turkey's green energy use and production are discussed and proposed systematically, considering those findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sustainable development, renewable energy, energy policy, project management, energy strategies

Kaynakça

• [1] Markard, J., "The next phase of the energy transition and its implications for research and policy", Nature Energy, 3 (8) (2018) : 628-633.
• [2] IEA, "World Energy Outlook 2020", International Energy Agency, Paris, (2020).
• [3] Kok, B., Benli, H., "Energy diversity and nuclear energy for sustainable development in Turkey", Renewable energy, 111 (2017) : 870-877.
• [4] Oh, T. H., Hasanuzzaman, M., Selvaraj J., Teo S. C., Chua S. C., "Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth–An update", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81 (2018) : 3021-3031.
• [5] Nam, K., Hwangbo, S., Yoo, C., "A deep learning-based forecasting model for renewable energy scenarios to guide sustainable energy policy: A case study of Korea", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 122 (2020)109725.
• [6] Munro, F. R., Cairney, P., "A systematic review of energy systems: The role of policymaking in sustainable transitions", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119 (2020) : 109598.
• [7] Shahbaz, M., Chandrashekar, R., Krishna, R. C., Jiao Z., Vinh X., "The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from the renewable energy country attractive index.", Energy, 207 (2020) : 118162.
• [8] SDA, "On Bi̇ri̇nci̇ Kalkinma Plani (2019-2023)", Turkish strategy development authority, Ankara, (2019).
• [9] Kaygusuz, O., Ayhan, T., Kaygusuz, K., "Renewable energy for low carbon economy and sustainable development in Turkey", Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 10 (1) (2021) : 1717-1729.
• [10] Jones, D., "Global Electricity Review", EMBER, (2021).
• [11] Arens, M., Åhman, M., Vogl, V., "Which countries are prepared to green their coal-based steel industry with electricity? -Reviewing climate and energy policy as well as the implementation of renewable electricity", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143 (2021) : 110938.
• [12] Kaygusuz, K., "Air polluted emissions from coal-fired power plants and their human health effects in Turkey.", Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 10 (2) (2021) : 1865-1874.
• [13] Simoes, S., Zeyringer, M., Mayr, D., Huld, T., Wouter, N., Schmidt, J., "Impact of different levels of geographical disaggregation of wind and PV electricity generation in large energy system models: A case study for Austria.", Renewable energy, 105 (2017) : 183-198.
• [14] Demirbaş, A., "Energy balance, energy sources, energy policy, future developments and energy investments in Turkey", Energy conversion and Management, 42 (10) (2001) : 1239-1258.
• [15] Melikoglu, M., "Vision 2023: Scrutinizing achievability of Turkey's electricity capacity targets and generating scenario based nationwide electricity demand forecasts", Energy strategy reviews, 22 (2018) : 188-195.
• [16] Yerci, V., Erdogan, N., Erdogan, N., Kucuksari, S., Cali, U., "Exploring the offshore wind energy potential of Turkey based on multi-criteria site selection", Energy Strategy Reviews, 23 (2019) : 33-46.
• [17] Ulutaş, B. H., "Determination of the appropriate energy policy for Turkey", Energy, 30 (7) (2005) : 1146-1161.
• [18] Ağbulut, Ü., Ceylan, İ. Gürel, A. E., Ergün, A., "The history of greenhouse gas emissions and relation with the nuclear energy policy for Turkey", International Journal of Ambient Energy, 42 (12) (2021) : 1447-1455.
• [19] Bulut, U., Muratoglu, G., "Renewable energy in Turkey: Great potential, low but increasing utilization, and an empirical analysis on renewable energy-growth nexus", Energy policy, 123 (2018) : 240-250.
• [20] Bilgin, M., "Energy policy in Turkey: Security, markets, supplies and pipelines", Turkish studies, 12 (3) (2011) : 399-417.
• [21] Kabak, M., Dağdeviren, M., Burmaoğlu, S., "A hybrid SWOT-FANP model for energy policy making in Turkey", Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 6 (11) (2016) : 487-495.
• [22] Mehmet, Ç., Yılmaz, A. O., Çavuşoğlu, İ., "Present situation and potential role of renewable energy in Turkey", Renewable Energy, 46 (2012) : 1-13.
• [23] Alper, Ü., "Improvement of energy demand forecasts using swarm intelligence: The case of Turkey with projections to 2025", Energy policy, 36 (6) (2008) : 1937-1944.
• [24] Ümit, C., Erdogan, N., Kucuksari, S., Argin, M., "Techno-economic analysis of high potential offshore wind farm locations in Turkey.", Energy strategy reviews, 22 (2018) : 325-336.
• [25] Barış, K., Kucukali, S., "Availibility of renewable energy sources in Turkey: Current situation, potential, government policies and the EU perspective.", Energy Policy, 42 (2012) : 377-391.
• [26] Gönül, Ö., Duman, C., Deveci, K., Güler, Ö., "An assessment of wind energy status, incentive mechanisms and market in Turkey", Engineering Science and Technology, 6 (2021) : 1383-1395.
• [27] Ezbakhe, F., Agustít, P.-F., "Decision analysis for sustainable development: The case of renewable energy planning under uncertainty", European Journal of Operational Research, 291 (2) (2021) : 601-613.
• [28] Özgül, S., Koçar, G., Eryaşar, A., "The progress, challenges, and opportunities of renewable energy cooperatives in Turkey", Energy for Sustainable Development 59 (2020) : 107-119.
• [29] Kocabas, A., "The transition to low carbon urbanization in Turkey: Emerging policies and initial action", Habitat International, 37 (2013) : 80-87.
• [30] Kaygusuz, K., Avcı, A. C., "Renewable energy potential, utilization and policies in Turkey for environmental friendly sustainable development", Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 7 (2) (2018) : 902-909.
• [31] Dolgen, D., Alpaslan, M. N., "Eco-Industrial Parks: Experiences from Turkey", Global Journal of Ecology, 1 (2020) : 030-032.
• [32] Griffiths, S., Furszyfer, D., Sovacool, B., Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143 (2021) : 110919.
• [33] OGFEM, "Modifications to the standard conditions of electricity supply licences (2 of 2012)", Department of Energy & Climate Change, London, (2012).
• [34] Shao, J., Chen H., Li J., Liu G., "An evaluation of the consumer-funded renewable obligation scheme in the UK for wind power generation", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 153 (2022) : 111788.
• [35] Acharya, A., Cave, L. A., "Feed-in-Tariff Removal in UK‘s Community Energy: Analysis and Recommendations for Business Practices", Journal of Sustainable Development, 13 (4) (2020) : 1-14.
• [36] Nolden, C., Barnes, J., Nicholls, J., "Community energy business model evolution: A review of solar photovoltaic developments in England", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 122 (2020) :109722.
• [37] Yao, Y., Jin-Hua, X., Sun, D.-Q., "Untangling global levelised cost of electricity based on multi-factor learning curve for renewable energy: Wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower and bioenergy.", Journal of Cleaner Production, 285 (2021) :124827.
• [38] IRENA, "Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020", The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, (2021).
• [39] Liangyu, X., Zhang, Y., "An overview of world geothermal power generation and a case study on China—The resource and market perspective.", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112 (2019) : 411-423.
• [40] Mortazavi, S. M., Mortazavi, S. M., Maleki, A., Aslani, A., Yousefi H., "Analysis of the robustness of energy supply in Japan: Role of renewable energy", Energy Reports, 6 (2020) : 378-391.
• [41] Short, W., Packey, D. J., Holt, T., "A manual for the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies", NREL/TP-462-5173. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO, United States, (1995).
• [42] Zhang, D., Ji, Q., Shi, X., "Regional renewable energy development in China: A multidimensional assessment", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124 (2020) : 109797.
• [43] Gürkaynak, R. S., Kısacıkoğlu, B., Lee, S. S., "Exchange rate and inflation under weak monetary policy: Turkey verifies theory", CEPR Discussion Paper DP17248, (2022).
• [44] Schinko, T., Komendantova, N., "De-risking investment into concentrated solar power in North Africa: impacts on the costs of electricity generation.", Renewable Energy, 92 (2016): 262-272.
• [45] GMKA, TR22 Southern Marmara Region Renewable Energy Research Result Report, Istanbul: South Marmara Development Agency (GMKA), (2021).
• [46] Temizer, M., Çağatay, G., "The share of domestic production in the wind energy sector has reached 65%", Anodolu Agency, Ankara, (2021).
• [47] Grabowski, H., "Patents, innovation and access to new pharmaceuticals", Journal of International Economic Law, 5 (4) (2002) : 849-860.
• [48] Moser, P., "Patents and innovation: evidence from economic history", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (1) (2013) : 23-44.
• [49] Pitelis, A., Vasilakos, N., Chalvatzis K., "Fostering innovation in renewable energy technologies: Choice of policy instruments and effectiveness.", Renewable Energy, 151 (2020) : 1163-1172.
• [50] Wang, L., Zhang, M., Verousis, T., "The road to economic recovery: Pandemics and innovation", International Review of Financial Analysis, 75 (2021) :101729.
• [51] Egli, F., Steffen, B., Schmidt, T. S., "A dynamic analysis of financing conditions for renewable energy technologies", Nature Energy, 3 (12) (2018) : 1084-1092.
• [52] Mercure, J. F., Salas, P., Vercoulen, P., Semieniuk, G., Wilbur, L., Pollitt, H., Holden, P., Vakilifard, N., Chewpreecha, U., Edwards, N., Vinuales, J. E., "Reframing incentives for climate policy action", Nature Energy, 6 (12) (2021) : 1133-1143.
• [53] Karaca, H., Koyunoğlu, C., Özdemir, A., Ergun, K., "Co-processing behavior of Gölbaşı lignite and poplar sawdust by factorial experimental design method", Energy, 183 (2019) : 1040-1048.
• [54] Kaygusuz, A., "Geothermal energy for clean and sustainable development in Turkey", Journal of Engineering Research and Applied Science, 8 (1) (2019) : 1041-1050.
• [55] Luderer, G., Madeddu, S., Merfort, L., Ueckerdt, F., Pehl, M., Pietzcker, R., Rottoli, M., Schreyer, F., Bauer, N., Baumstark, L., Bertram, C., Dirnaichner, A., Humpenöder, F., Levesque, A., Popp, A., Rodrigues, R., Strefler, J., Kriegler, E., "Impact of declining renewable energy costs on electrification in low-emission scenarios", Levesque Nature Energy, 7 (1) (2022) : 32-42.