Ağaçlarda Büyüme Gerilmeleri: Yapısı, Oluşum Nedenleri ve Belirtileri

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 57 Sayı: 1, 83 - 95, 01.01.2007

Dilek Doğu

Öz

Büyüme gerilmeleri odunsu dokuların normal gelişmeleri sonucunda ortaya
çıkmakta olup, hem iğne yapraklı hem de geniş yapraklı ağaçlarda görülmektedir.
Gerilmeler gözle görülememekte ancak, sebep oldukları deformasyonların
ölçülmesi ile büyüklükleri tahmin edilebilmektedir. Ağaçların kesilmesi,
tomruklara ayrılması ve kereste üretimi sırasında büyüme gerilmeleri ortadan
kalkmakta, odunda çatlaklar, yarılmalar, şekil değlşmelerl gibi deformasyonlara
neden olmaktadırlar. Oluşan deformasyonlar hammadde odunda önemli
ekonomik kayıplar meydana getirmekte ve kullanım yeri üzerinde olumsuz etkiler
yaratmaktadır. Bu makalede büyüme gerilmeleri, oluşum nedenleri ve belirtileri
incelenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Büyüme gerilmeleri, deformasyon, anatomik yapı, reaksiyon odunu, mikrofibriller

Kaynakça

• Archer, R. R., 1986. Growth Stresses and Strains in The Trees. Springer- Verlag, Berlin.
• Bamber, R. c., 2001. A general theory for the origin of growth stresses in reaction wood: how trees stay upright. lA WA Journal. 22 (3): 205-212.
• Banks, C. C., 1973. The strength of trees. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science. 6(2): 44-50.
• Boyd, J., 19S0a. Tree growth stresses III, the origin of growth stresses. Australian Journal of Science Resource. B.3: 294-309.
• Boyd, J., 19S0b. Tree growth stresses II, the development of shakes and other visual features in timber. Australian Journal of Applied Science.l(3): 296-312.
• Bozkurt, A. Y. ve N. Erdin, 2000. Odun Anatomisi. İ.ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 4263/466. Dilek Matbaası.İstanbul.
• Burget, 1., T. Okuyama and H. Yamamoto, 2003. Generation of radial growth stresses in the big ray s of konora oak trees. Journal of Wood Science. 49: 131- 134.
• Cassens, D. L. and J. R. Serrano, 2004. Growth stress in hardwood timber. Proceedings of the 14 th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, 16-19 March. Wooster, Ohio.
• Chafe, S. c., 1995. Peripheral growth stresses and tree diameter in Eucalyptus. Journal of the Institute ofWood Scİeııce.13 (5): 523-525.
• Dadswell, H. E., 1958. Wood structure variations occurring during tree growth and their influence on properties. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 1: 2-23.
• Dinwoodie, J. M., 1966. Growth stresses in timber: a review of literature. Journal of Forestry. 39(2): 162-170.
• Erdin, N. ve M. O. Engür, 2001. Odun Kusurları. Dilek Ofset Matbaacılık, IstanbuL. Erteld, W., H.J. Mette and W. Aehterberg, 1963. Holz Fehler In Worth Un Bild.
• European Union, 2001. Sawmilling systems suitable for processing Eucalyptus globulus affected by growth stresses. Fair project CT-98 9579, CIS-Madera. 6: 8-37.
• Haslet, A. N., 1988. Handling and grade sawing of plantation-grown Eucalyptus, New Zealand Forest Research Institute Bulletin. No: 142, Rotoura.
• Hillis, W. E., 1984. Wood Quality and Utilisation. In W. E. Hillis and A. G. Brown (eds) Eucalyptus for Wood Production. CSIRO and Academic Press Sydney.
• Jaeobs, M. R., 1938. The fibre tension of woody stems with special reference to the genus Eucalyptus, Commonwealtlı Forestry Bureau Bulletiıı. No: 22, Canberra.
• Jacobs, M. R., 1939. Furthering studies on fiber tension. Comnıonwealth Forestry Bureau Bulletin. No: 24, Canberra.
• Jaeobs, M. R., 1945. The growth stresses of woody stems. Commonwealtlı Forestry Bureau Bulletin.No: 28, Canberra.
• Jacobs, M. R., 1965. Stresses and strains in tree trunks as they grow in length and width. Commonwealtiı of Australia Forestry and Timber Bureau Leaj/et. No: 96.
• Kubler, H., 1959. Studies on growth stresses in trees. HaiZ als Roh- und Werkstoff. 17(1): 1-9.
• Kubler, H., 1987. Growth stresses in trees and related wood properties. Forest Abstract Journal. 48: 131-189.
• Malan, F. S., 1979. The control of end splitting in sawlogs: a short literature review. South African Forestry Journal. 109: 14-18.
• Mattheek, C. and F. Walther, 1~92. A new felling technique to avoid end-splitting of deciduous trees. Proceedings oflUFRO V, Naney, France.
• Muneh, E., 1938. Statics and dynamics of the cell wall's spiral structure, especially in compression wood and tension wood. Flora. 32: 357-424.
• Muneri, A., W. Leggate and G. Palmer, 1999. Relationships between surface growth strain and some tree, wood and sawn timber characteristics of Eucalyptus cloeziana. South African Forestry Journal. 186: 41-49
• Muneri, A., J. Knight, W. Leggate and G. Palmer, 2000. The future Eucalyptus for wood products. Paper presented at the IUFRO Conference, Launceston. Nieholson, J. E., 1973. Growth stress differences in Eucalyptus. Forest Science. 19(3): 169-174.
• Nicholson, J. E., G. S. Campbell and D. F. Bland, 1972. Association between wood characteristics and growth stress level. Wood Science. 5: 109-117. Plomion, C., G. Leprovost and A. Stokes, 2001. Wood formation in trees l. Plant Physiology, 127: 1513-1523.
• WiIlhelmy-von, V., 1971. Residual stresses in wood and their effeet on eraek development. Ph.D.diss., University of Wiseonsin, Madison, Wl.
• Wilkins, A.P. and R. Kitahara, 1991. Silvieultural treatments and assoeiated growth strains and wood properties in 12.5 year old Eucalyptus grandis. Australian Forestry Journal. 54: 99-109.