DAĞ ORMANLARlNIN ÇIĞLARI ÖNLEMEDEKi ROLÜ

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 56 Sayı: 2, 147 - 159, 01.07.2006

Abdurrahim Aydın

Öz

Dağlık bölgeler yaklaşık olarak dünyanın dörtte birini kaplamakta ve
yeryüzünde yaşayan insanların %10'u da dağlık bölgelerde yaşamaktadır.
Gerek bu bölgelerde yaşayan insanların can ve mal güvenliğinin sağlanması
ve gerekse kış turizminden dolayı hareketliliğin artması, dağlık bölgelerde
bulunan ormanların çığlara karşı koruma fonksiyonları m yerine
getirmelerini önemli kılmaktadır. Bunun için bir çok Avrupa ülkesinde
yüzyıldan fazla bir süredir dağ ormanlarında traşlama kesimleri
yasaklanmıştır. Dağ ormanlarındaki kar örtüsünün özellikleri, çığ-orman
ilişkileri ve çığ-ormancılık faaliyetleri arasındaki ilişkiler bu makalede
irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çığ, Dağ Ormanı, Çığ Önleme, Traşlama kesim

Kaynakça

• AGM 1999: Erozyon Kontrolu Uygulamalarında Dikkate Alınacak Hususlar. Ağaçlandırma ve Erozyon Kontrolu Genel Müdürlüğü Tamimi. Tamim No. 14, Ankara4
• AiGM 2004: http://www.ciggrubu.org/3bgrafık.htm.Erişim tarihi: 30.01.2004
• ALBISETTI, A.D.K. 2003: Succession in a Protection Forest After Picea Abies Die-Back. Diss.Eth.No. 15228, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich.
• BEBI, P. 2000: Erfassung von Strukturen im Gebirgswald als Beurteilungsgrundlage ausgewahlter Waldwirkungen. Bcih. Schweiz. Z. Forstwes. 90: 1-128.
• BEBI, P., KIENAST, F., SCHÖNENBERGER, W. 2001: Assessing Structures in Mountain Forests as aBasis for Investigating the Forests' Dynamics and Protective Function. Forest Ecology and Management, 145 (2001) 3-14.
• BIRKELAND. K.W., HANSEN. K.J., BROWN, R.L. 1995: The Spatial Variability of Snow Resistance on Potcntial Avalanche Slopes. Journal ofGlaciology, 41(137) 183-190.
• BRANG, P., SCHÖNENBERGER, W., OTT, E., GARDNER, B. 2001: Forests as protection from natural hazards. In: Julian Evans (ed.) The forest handbook. Blackwell Science. 53-81.
• BRÜNDL, M. 1997: Snow Interception and Meltwater Transport in Subalpin Forests. Diss.Eth.No. 12271, Swiss FederalInstitute of Technology, Zurich.
• BRÜNDL, M., BARTELT, P., SCHNEEBELI, M .. FLUHLER, H. 1999:_Measuring Branch Deflectiorı of Spruce Branches Caused by Intercepted Snow Load. Hydrological Processes.Wiley Interscience 13(14-15): 2357-2369.
• BUTT, N.. PRICE, M.F. 1999: Mountain People, Forests. and Trees: Strategies for Balaneing Local Management and Outside Interest. Synthesis of an Electronic Conference of the Mountain Forum. April 12-May 14. 1999.
• CAA 2001: Land Manager's Guide to Snow Avalanche Hazard in Canada. Canada Avalanche Association, Be. Canada.
• CIOLLI, M., TABARELLl, S.. ZATELLI, P. 1998: 3D Spatial Data Integration For Avalanche Risk Management. IAPRS Vol 32/4, ISPRS Comission IV Symposium on G1S-Between Visions and Applications, Stutgart, Germany.
• ÇOLAK, A.H., PITTERLE, A. 1999: Yüksek Dağ Silvikültürü (Cilt 1- Orta Avrupa), Genel Prensipler. OGEM- VAK, ı. Baskı, Ankara
• DAFFERN, T. 1983: Avalanche Safety for Skiers and Climbers. Rocky Mountain Books, Calgary.
• FREI, M., BÖLL, A., GRAF. F., HEINIMAN, H.R., SPRINGMANN, S. 2003: Quantification of the Influnce of Vegetation on Soil Stability. Proceedings, The International Conference on Slope Engineering. 8- Lo December. 2003, Hong-Kong, China.
• FREY, W.. SALM, B. 1990: Snow Properties and Movements in Forests of Different Climatic Regions. XiX. World Congress, Montreal, Quebeck. Div.I.Voll. 328-339.
• FREY, W. 1994: Importance and Silvicultural Treatment of Stone Pine in the Upper Engadine. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Subalpin Stone Pines and Their Environment: The Status of Our Knowledge.
• FREY. W.. THEE, P. 2002: Avalanche Protccıion of Windthrow Arcas: A Ten Year Comparison of Cleared and Uncleared Starting Zones. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 77 (1/2): 89- 107
• GERBORE, E.E. 1997: I bosehi nel medioevo. Uomini e boschi in Valle d'Aosta. Aosta: Regione Autonoma Valle d' Aosta, pp 57-79.
• GÖRCELiOOLU. E. 2003: Sel ve Çığ Kontrolu. istanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No: 4415. Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 473, İstanbul
• GÖRCELİOGLU, E. 2005: Sel ve Çığ Kontrolu Yapıları. İ.Ü.Yayın No.4555, O.F. Yayın No. 487, İstanbuL.
• GRUBER, U.. HAEFNER. H. 1995: Avalanche Mapping with Satellite Data and a DEM. Applied Geography. Vol 15, No. 2.
• HEUMADER, J. 2000: High-Elevation Afforestation and Regeneration of Subalpin Forest Stands Experiences in Austria. lnternationales Symposion INTERPRAEVENT 2000, Band 2. Seite 29- 40, Villach-Österreich.
• IVES. J.D., MESSERLI, B.. SPIESS, E. 1997: Mountains in the World: A Global Priority. Carnforth-Parthenon.
• JAMIESON, B., GELDSETZER, T. 1996: Avalanche Accidents in Canada 1984-1996. Vol.4, Canada. (www.avalanche.ca/accident)
• JAMIESON, B.. SCHAERER, P., STETHEM, C. 1996: Sno w Avalanche Hazard in Forest Management. Chris Stethem and Associates for British of Columbia Ministry of Forests. Canada
• JAMIESON, B., GELDSETZER, T. 1999: Patterns in Unexpected Skier-Avalanches. Presented at the Technical Meeting of the Canadian Avalanche Association (CAA). Penticton, Canada
• JAMIESON, B., STETHEM,C. 2002: Snow Avalanche Hazards and Management in Canada: Challenges and Progress. Natural Hazards 26 (35-53), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• KAJlMOTO, T., DAIMARU, H.. OKAMOTO, T., OTANI,T., ONODERA,H., 2004: Effects of Snow Avalanche Disturbance on Regeneration of Subalpin Abiess mariessi Forest, Northern Japan. Arctic, Antartic and Alpine Research, Vo1.36, No.4 436-445
• KALTENBRUNNER, A. 1993: Meıhodenbeitrag zur Errnittlung der Lawinenschutzfunktion subalpiner Walder, Diplomarbeit. Professur Waldbau, ETH, Zurich. 79 p.
• KAPOS, V., RHIND, J., EDVARDS, M., RAVILlOUS, C.. PRICE, M.F. 2000: Developing a Map of the World's Mountain Forests. Editors (M.F.Price and N.Butt), Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development: A State-of-Knowledge Report for 2000. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
• KOçYİGİT, Ö. 1997: Çığ Bariyerlerinin Hidrolik Boyutlandınlması. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara
• KR.A.UCHI, N., BRANG, P.. SCHÖNENBERGER, W. 2000: Forests of Mountainous Regions: Gaps in Knowledge and Research Needs. Forest Ecology and Management 132 (2000) 73-82.
• KÜCHLI, C., BAUMGARTNER, H. 2001: Umweltschutz begann im Wald. Umwelt: Schweizer Wald: von der Katastrophe zur Erfolgsgeschichte und jetzt? Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL), Bem. 6-9.
• McCLUNG, D.M., SCHAERER, P. 1993: Avalanche Handbook. The Mountaineers, Seattle, USA.
• McCLUNG, D. M. 200 i: Characteristic of Terrain, Sno w Supply and Forest Cover for Avalanche Initiation Caused by Logging. Annals of Glaciology Vol 32. International Glaciological Society
• McCLUNG. D.M .. 2003: Magnitude and Frequency of Avalanches in Relation to Terrain and Forest Cover. Arctic. Antartic and Alpine Research, Vol. 35. No. i, 82-90
• MEARS, A.l. 1992: Snow Avalanche Hazard Analysis for Land-Use Planning and Engineering. Colorado Geological Survey, Bulletin No:49, Denver, USA.
• MEYER-GRASS, M., IMBECK, H., 1986: II Deperimento dei Boschi e il Peıicolo di Valanghe Neve e Valanghe n04.
• MEYER-GRASS, M., SCHNEEBELI, M. 1992: Die Abhangigkeit der Waldlawinen von Standorts-, Bestandes- und Schneeverhaltnissen, In: G. Fiebiger & F. Zollinger (eds.), Schutz des Lebensraıımes vor Hochwasser, Mııren und Lawinen. Inıernaıionales Synıposium lnıerpraevent 1992, Bem, Tagungspublikaıion. Forschungsgesellschaft für Vorbeugende Hochwasserbekampfung, Klagenfurt.443-454.
• MOTTA, R., HAUDEMAND, J.e. 2000: Protective Forests and Silvieultural Stability: An Example of Planning in the Aosta Valiey. Mountain Research and Development. Vol 20 No:2 May 2000.
• ÖZDÖNMEZ. M.. İSTANBULLU, T., AKESEN, A.,EKiZOGLU. A. 1996: Ormancılık Politikası. İ.Ü.Yayın No. 3968. O.F.Yayın No. 435, İstanbuL.
• PERLA. RJ.; MARTINELLI Jr.M. 1976 (Rcvised (978): Avalanche Handbook, USDA Agricultural Handbook 489, Washington. DC QUINN. M.S.; PHILIPS, J. 2000: Avalanche Paths in TFLl4: Inventory, Description. Classification and Managernent. Final Report to Crestbrook Forest Industry Ine. FRBC Project:KB96-204-IN.University of Calgary. CANADA
• SCHÖNENBERGER, W., NOACK. A., THEE, P. 2005: Effect of Timber Removal from Windthrown Slopes on the Risk of Snow Avalanches and Rockfall. Forest Ecology and Management. 213 (2005) 197-208
• SMITH, MJ., McCLUNG, D.M. 1997: Avalanche Frequencyand Terrain Characteristics at Rogers' Pass, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Glaciology, Vol 43, No 143. STEIJN,van,H. 1996: Debıis Flow Magnitude-Frequency Relationship for Mountainous Region of Central and Northwest Europe. Geomorphology 15 (1996) 259-273
• STlTZINGER. K.R., WEISINGER, P.F. McCLUNG, D.M. 2000: Avalanche Activity and Interaction With Harvested Terrain: Terrain Analysis and Decision Support Systems For Risk Managernent. International Snow Science Workshop 2000. ISSW-Meeting Big Sky, Montana. 2000. p.458-46i
• SUFFLING, R. 1993: Induction of vertical zones in sub-alpine vali ey forests by avalancheformed fuel breaks. Landscape Ecology vol.8. nO.2. 127-138 SBP Academic Publishing.
• TAVŞANOGLU, F. 1974: Sel Yataklarının Tahkimi. Dağlık Arazi Havzalarında Sel Kontrolu. İ.Ü.Yayın No. 1972, O.F.Yayın No. 203. Matbaa Teknisyenleri KolI. Şti. İstanbul
• WEIR.P. 2002: Sno w Avalanche Management in Forested Terrain, Land Management Handbook No:55. CANADA