Coffee: Health effects and various disease treatments

Abstract

To respond the growing demands for consuming natural foods, biochemical compounds originated from natural sources can be one of significant purposes for numerous researchers. In this review, we summarize the literatures regarding to the health effects of coffee consumption toward various human disease treatments, i.e., diabetes, cancer, liver diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The consumption of natural products is being common and considered significantly, for example, the potentially functional features of biochemical compounds contained in coffee have significantly contributed to clinical treatments of different human diseases. The experimental and epidemiologic evidences are indicated in this review to probably contribute to elucidate the protective effects of coffee consumption on several human diseases; besides, it is not still certain whether the consumption of coffee should be recommended to patients in some cases. Moreover, the chemical features and health benefits of coffee are introduced shortly, which can support readers understanding in detail to the benefits and the roles of coffee compounds.

Keywords

• Coffee
• Disease treatment
• Diabetes
• Liver diseases
• Parkinson’s disease
• Alzheimer’s disease

References

1. Acquas, E., Tanda, G., Di Chiara, G. (2002) Differential effects of caffeine on dopamine and acetylcholine transmission in brain areas of drug-naive and caffeine-pre-treated rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(2), 182-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(02)00290-7
2. Akash, M.S.H., Rehman, K., Li, N., Gao, J.-Q., Sun, H. , Chen, S. (2012). Sustained delivery of IL-1Ra from pluronic F127-based thermosensitive gel prolongs its therapeutic po-tentials. Pharmaceutical Research, 29(12), 3475-3485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-012-0843-0
3. Akash, M.S.H., Rehman, K., Sun, H.Y., Chen, S.Q. (2013). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist improves normoglycemia and insulin sensitivity in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki-rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 701(1-3), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.008
4. Antonio, A.G., Moraes, R.S., Perrone, D., Maia, L.C., Santos, K.R.N., Iorio, N.L.P., Farah, A. (2010). Species, roasting degree and decaffeination influence the antibacterial activity of coffee against Streptococcus mutans. Food Chemistry, 118(3), 782-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.063
5. Arab, L., Khan, F., Lam, H. (2013). Epidemiologic evidence of a relationship between tea, coffee, or caffeine consumption and cognitive decline. Advances in Nutrition, 4(1), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.002717
6. Arendash, G.W., Mori, T., Cao, C.H., Mamcarz, M., Runfeldt, M., Dickson, A., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Tan, J., Citron, B.A., Lin, X.Y., Echeverria, V., Potter, H. (2009). Caffeine Reverses Cognitive Impairment and Decreases Brain Amyloid-beta Levels in Aged Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 17(3), 661-680. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2009-1087
7. Bambha, K., Wilson, L.A., Unalp, A., Loomba, R., Neuschwander-Tetri, B.A., Brunt, E.M., Bass, N.M., Steatohepatitis, N. (2014). Coffee consumption in NAFLD patients with lower insulin resistance is associated with lower risk of severe fibrosis. Liver International, 34(8), 1250-1258. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12379
8. Bata-Garcia, J.L., Tun-Coba, L., Alvarez-Cervera, F.J., Villanueva-Toledo, J.R., Heredia-Lopez, F.J., Gongora-Alfaro, J.L. (2010). Improvement of Postural Adjustment Steps in Hemiparkinsonian Rats Chronically Treated with Caffeine Is Mediated by Concurrent Blockade of a(1) and a(2a) Adenosine Receptors. Neuroscience, 166(2), 590-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.072

9. Beghi, E., Pupillo, E., Messina, P., Giussani, G., Chio, A., Zoccolella, S., Moglia, C., Corbo, M., Logroscino, G., Grp, E. (2011). Coffee and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A possible preventive role. American Journal of Epidemio-logy, 174(9), 1002-1008. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr229
10. Belaroussi, Y., Roblot, P., Peiffer-Smadja, N., Delaye, T., Mathoulin-Pelissier, S., Lemeux, J., Le Moal, G., Caumes, E., Roblot, F., Bleibtreu, A. (2020). Why Methodology Is Important: Coffee as a Candidate Treatment for COVID-19? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113691
11. Bhurwal, A., Rattan, P., Yoshitake, S., Pioppo, L., Reja, D., Dellatore, P., Rustgi, V. (2020). Inverse association of coffee with liver cancer development: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 29(3), 421-428. https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld-805
12. Bohn, S.K., Blomhoff, R., Paur, I. (2014). Coffee and cancer risk, epidemiological evidence, and molecular mechanisms. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 58(5), 915-930. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201300526
13. Bosun-Arije, F.S., Ling, J., Graham, Y., Hayes, C. (2020). Organisational factors influencing non-pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in public hospitals across Lagos, Nigeria: A qualitative study of nurses' perspectives. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108288
14. Bravi, F., Bosetti, C., Tavani, A., Gallus, S., La Vecchia, C. (2013). Coffee reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: An updated meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(11), 1413- 1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.039
15. Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., La Bounty, P., Taylor, L., Nelson, M.T., Greenwood, M., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Lopez, H.L., Hoffman, J.R., Stout, J.R., Schmitz, S., Collins, R., Kalman, D.S., Antonio, J., Kreider, R.B. (2013). International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16045
16. Canas, P.M., Porciuncula, L.O., Cunha, G.M.A., Silva, C.G., Machado, N.J., Oliveira, J.M.A., Oliveira, C.R., Cunha, R.A. (2009). Adenosine A(2A) receptor blockade prevents synaptotoxicity and memory dysfunction caused by beta-amyloid peptides via p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(47), 14741-14751. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3728-09.2009
17. Cao, C.H., Cirrito, J.R., Lin, X., Wang, L., Verges, D.K., Dickson, A., Mamcarz, M., Zhang, C., Mori, T., Arendash, G.W., Holtzman, D.M., Potter, H. (2009). Caffeine suppresses amyloid-beta levels in plasma and brain of alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 17(3), 681-697. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2009-1071
18. Carvalhana, S., Machado, M.V., Cortez-Pinto, H. (2012). Improving dietary patterns in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 15(5), 468-473. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283566614
19. Chen, S.H., Teoh, N.C., Chitturi, S., Farrell, G.C. (2014). Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 29(3), 435-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.12422
20. Chen, X.S., Ghribi, O., Geiger, J.D. (2010). Caffeine protects against disruptions of the blood-brain barrier in animal models of alzheimer's and parkinson's diseases. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 20, S127-S141. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1376
21. Chen, X.S., Lan, X., Roche, I., Liu, R.G., Geiger, J.D. (2008). Caffeine protects against MPTP-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction in mouse striatum. Journal of Neurochemistry, 107(4), 1147-1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05697.x
22. Chu, Y.-F. (2012). Coffee: emerging health effects and disease prevention. p 352, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0470958782, 9780470958780.
23. Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Satija, A., van Dam, R.M., Hu, F.B. (2014). Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation, 129(6), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005925
24. Dostal, V., Roberts, C.M., Link, C.D. (2010). Genetic mechanisms of coffee extract protection in a caenorhabditis elegans model of beta-amyloid peptide toxicity. Genetics, 186(3), 857-U163. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.110.120436
25. Ejaz, N., Nisa, A., Akmal, J., Muhammad, A. (2004). Comparative study of physico-chemical parameters of different samples of non-branded tea. Pakistan Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37, 17-20.
26. Eskelinen, M.H., Kivipelto, M. (2010). Caffeine as a protective factor in dementia and alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 20, S167-S174. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1404
27. Fang, C.Y., Cai, X.B., Hayashi, S., Hao, S.M., Sakiyama, H., Wang, X.J., Yang, Q., Akira, S., Nishiguchi, S., Fujiwara, N., Tsutsui, H., Sheng, J. (2019). Caffeine-stimulated muscle IL-6 mediates alleviation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1864(3), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.12.003
28. Farah, A., Monteiro, M.C., Calado, V., Franca, A.S., Trugo, L.C. (2006). Correlation between cup quality and chemical attributes of Brazilian coffee. Food chemistry 98(2), 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.07.032
29. Farkas, I.G., Czigner, A., Farkas, E., Dobo, E., Soos, K., Penke, B., Endresz, V., Mihaly, A. (2003). Beta-amyloid peptide-induced blood-brain barrier disruption facilitates T-cell entry into the rat brain. Acta Histochemica, 105(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1078/0065-1281-00696
30. Ferlay, J. (2004) Cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. GLOBOCAN2002.
31. Fisicaro, F., Lanza, G., Pennisi, M., Vagli, C., Cantone, M., Pennisi, G., Ferri, R., Bella, R. (2021). Moderate mocha coffee consumption is associated with higher cognitive and mood status in a non-demented elderly population with subcortical ischemic vascular disease. Nutrients, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020536 Fisone, G., Borgkvist, A., Usiello, A. (2004). Caffeine as a psychomotor stimulant: mechanism of action. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 61(7-8), 857-872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-003-3269-3
32. Franceschi, S., Montella, M., Polesel, J., La Vecchia, C., Crispo, A., Dal Maso, L., Casarin, P., Izzo, F., Tommasi, L.G., Chemin, I. (2006). Hepatitis viruses, alcohol, and tobacco in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 15(4), 683-689. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0702
33. Freedman, N.D., Curto, T.M., Lindsay, K.L., Wright, E.C., Sinha, R., Everhart, J.E., Grp, H.-C.T. (2011). Coffee Consumption is associated with response to peginterferon and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology, 140(7), 1961-1969. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.061
34. Freedman, N.D., Everhart, J.E., Lindsay, K.L., Ghany, M.G., Curto, T.M., Shiffman, M.L., Lee, W.M., Lok, A.S., Di Bisceglie, A.M., Bonkovsky, H.L., Hoefs, J.C., Dienstag, J.L., Morishima, C., Abnet, C.C., Sinha, R., Grp, H.-C.T. (2009). Coffee intake is associated with lower rates of liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 50(5), 1360-1369. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23162
35. Friedman, S.L., Neuschwander-Tetri, B.A., Rinella, M., Sanyal, A.J. (2018). Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nature Medicine, 24(7), 908-922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9
36. Godos, J., Micek, A., Marranzano, M., Salomone, F., Del Rio, D., Ray, S. (2017). Coffee consumption and risk of biliary tract cancers and liver cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090950
37. Gök, İ. (2021). Kavurma işlemi, demleme/pişirme yöntemlerinin kahvenin biyoaktif bileşenlerine etkisi: Fonksiyonel içecek olarak insan sağlığına faydaları. Food and Health, 7(4), 311-328. https://doi.org/10.3153/FH21032
38. Grosso, G., Godos, J., Galvano, F., Giovannucci, E.L. (2017). Coffee, Caffeine, and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review. Annual Review of Nutrition, Vol 37 37, 131-156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064941
39. Hald, A., Lotharius, J. (2005). Oxidative stress and inflammation in Parkinson's disease: Is there a causal link? Experimental Neurology, 193(2), 279-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.01.013
40. Hameleers, P.A.H.M., Van Boxtel, M.P.J., Hogervorst, E., Riedel, W.J., Houx, P.J., Buntinx, F., Jolles, J. (2000). Habitual caffeine consumption and its relation to memory, attention, planning capacity and psychomotor performance across multiple age groups. Human Psychopharmacology-Clinical and Experimental, 15(8), 573-581. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.218
41. Helal, M.G., Ayoub, S.E., Elkashefand, W.F., Ibrahim, T.M. (2018). Caffeine affects HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by multifactorial intervention. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 37(9), 983-990. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327117747026
42. Higdon, J.V., Frei, B. (2006) Coffee and health: A review of recent human research. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46(2), 101-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390500400009
43. Hirakawa, N., Okauchi, R., Miura, Y., Yagasaki, K. (2005). Anti-invasive activity of niacin and trigonelline against cancer cells. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 69(3), 653-658. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.653
44. Hussain, S. Chowdhury, T.A. (2019) The impact of comorbidities on the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs, 79(3), 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-1061-4
45. Ikonomovic, M.D., Klunk, W.E., Abrahamson, E.E., Mathis, C.A., Price, J.C., Tsopelas, N.D., Lopresti, B.J., Ziolko, S., Bi, W.Z., Paljug, W.R., Debnath, M.L., Hope, C.E., Isanski, B.A., Hamilton, R.L., DeKosky, S.T. (2008). Post-mortem correlates of in vivo PiB-PET amyloid imaging in a typical case of Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 131, 1630-1645. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn016
46. Iwai, K., Kishimoto, N., Kakino, Y., Mochida, K., Fujita, T. (2004). In vitro antioxidative effects and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of seven hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives in green coffee beans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistr, 52(15), 4893-4898. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf040048m
47. Jenner, P., Olanow, C.W. (2006). The pathogenesis of cell death in Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 66(10), S24-S36. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.66.10_suppl_4.S24
48. Johnson, S., Koh, W.P., Wang, R.W., Govindarajan, S., Yu, M.C., Yuan, J.M. (2011). Coffee consumption and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: findings from the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Causes & Control, 22(3), 503-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-010-9725-0
49. Klockgether, T. (2004) Parkinson's disease: clinical aspects. Cell and Tissue Research, 318(1), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-004-0975-6
50. Komorita, Y., Iwase, M., Fujii, H., Ohkuma, T., Ide, H., Jodai-Kitamura, T., Yoshinari, M., Oku, Y., Higashi, T., Nakamura, U., Kitazono, T. (2020) Additive effects of green tea and coffee on all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: The fukuoka diabetes registry. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001252
51. Laurent, C., Eddarkaoui, S., Derisbourg, M., Leboucher, A., Demeyer, D., Carrier, S., Schneider, M., Hamdane, M., Muller, C.E., Buee, L., Blum, D. (2014). Beneficial effects of caffeine in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease-like tau pathology. Neurobiology of Aging, 35(9), 2079-2090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.027
52. Lloret, A., Fuchsberger, T., Giraldo, E., Vina, J. (2015). Molecular mechanisms linking amyloid beta toxicity and Tau hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 83, 186-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.028
53. Llovet, J.M., Kelley, R.K., Villanueva, A., Singal, A.G., Pikarsky, E., Roayaie, S., Lencioni, R., Koike, K., Zucman-Rossi, J., Finn, R.S. (2021). Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 6-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00240-3
54. Loftfield, E., Rothwell, J.A., Sinha, R., Keski-Rahkonen, P., Robinot, N., Albanes, D., Weinstein, S.J., Derkach, A., Sampson, J., Scalbert, A., Freedman, N.D. (2020). Prospective Investigation of serum metabolites, coffee drinking, liver cancer incidence, and liver disease mortality. JNCI-Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 112(3), 286-294. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djz122
55. Maughan, R.J., Griffin, J. (2003). Caffeine ingestion and fluid balance: a review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 16(6), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00477.x
56. Mc Naughton, L.R., Lovell, R.J., Siegler, J.C., Midgley, A.W., Sandstrom, M., Bentley, D.J. (2008). The effects of caffeine ingestion on time trial cycling performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 48(3), 320-325. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.2.157
57. Modi, A.A., Feld, J.J., Park, Y., Kleiner, D.E., Everhart, J.E., Liang, T.J., Hoofnagle, J.H. (2010). Increased Caffeine consumption is associated with reduced hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology, 51(1), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23279
58. Molloy, J.W., Calcagno, C.J., Williams, C.D., Jones, F.J., Torres, D.M., Harrison, S.A. (2012). Association of coffee and caffeine consumption with fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and degree of hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology, 55(2), 429-436. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24731
59. Ngueta, G. (2020). Caffeine and caffeine metabolites in relation to hypertension in US adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(1), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0430-0
60. Ning, A., Cui, J., To, E., Ashe, K.H., Matsubara, J. (2008) Amyloid-beta deposits lead to retinal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(11), 5136-5143. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-1849
61. Pan, X.D., Zhu, Y.G., Lin, N., Zhang, J., Ye, Q.Y., Huang, H.P., Chen, X.C. (2011). Microglial phagocytosis induced by fibrillar beta-amyloid is attenuated by oligomeric beta-amyloid: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Molecular Neurodegeneration, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-6-45
62. Perumpail, B.J., Li, A.A., Iqbal, U., Sallam, S., Shah, N.D., Kwong, W., Cholankeril, G., Kim, D., Ahmed, A. (2018). Potential therapeutic benefits of herbs and supplements in patients with NAFLD. Diseases, 6(3), 80. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases6030080
63. Pizzey, F.K., Tourula, E., Pearson, J. (2020). Tolerance to central hypovolemia is greater following caffeinated coffee consumption in habituated users. Frontiers in Physiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00050
64. Poole, R., Kennedy, O.J., Roderick, P., Fallowfield, J.A., Hayes, P.C., Parkes, J. (2017). Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ-British Medical Journal, 359. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j5024
65. Quan, H.Y., Kim, D.Y., Chung, S.H. (2013). Caffeine attenuates lipid accumulation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. BMB Reports, 46(4), 207-212. https://doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2013.46.4.153
66. Reitz, C., Mayeux, R. (2014). Alzheimer disease: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors and biomarkers. Biochemical Pharmacology, 88(4), 640-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.024
67. Ritchie, K., Carriere, I., de Mendonca, A., Portet, F., Dartigues, J.F., Rouaud, O., Barberger-Gateau, P., Ancelin, M.L. (2007). The neuroprotective effects of caffeine - A prospective population study (the Three City Study). Neurology, 69(6), 536-545. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000266670.35219.0c
68. Rodrigues, F., Caldeira, D., Ferreira, J., Costa, J. (2015). Caffeine exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease: an update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. European Journal of Neurology, 22, 194-194.
69. Ruhl, C.E., Everhart, J.E. (2005). Coffee and tea consumption are associated with a lower incidence of chronic liver disease in the United States. Gastroenterology, 129(6), 1928-1936. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.056
70. Sang, L.X., Chang, B., Li, X.H., Jiang, M. (2013). Consumption of coffee associated with reduced risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterology, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-13-34
71. Shimazu, T., Tsubono, Y., Kuriyama, S., Ohmori, K., Koizumi, Y., Nishino, Y., Shibuya, D., Tsuji, I. (2005). Coffee consumption and the risk of primary liver cancer: Pooled analysis of two prospective studies in Japan. International Journal of Cancer, 116(1), 150-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20989
72. Tavani, A., La Vecchia, C. (2004). Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea and cancer of the colon and rectum: a review of epidemiological studies, 1990-2003. Cancer Causes & Control, 15(8), 743-757. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CACO.0000043415.28319.c1
73. Teramoto, M., Muraki, I., Yamagishi, K., Tamakoshi, A., Iso, H. (2021). Green Tea and coffee consumption and all-cause mortality among persons with and without stroke or myocardial infarction. Stroke, 52(3), 957-965. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032273
74. Tohda, C., Kuboyama, T., Komatsu, K. (2005). Search for natural products related to regeneration of the neuronal network. Neurosignals, 14(1-2), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1159/000085384
75. Torres, D.M., Harrison, S.A. (2013). Is it time to write a prescription for coffee? Coffee and liver disease. Gastroenterology, 144(4), 670-672. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.015
76. Trovato, G.M., Martines, G.F., Trovato, F.M., Catalano, D. (2013). Regular coffee: A magic bullet or a naked gun? Regular coffee but not espresso drinking is protective against fibrosis in NAFLD. Journal of Hepatology, 58(6), 1264-1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.01.033
77. Tunnicliffe, J.M., Shearer, J. (2008). Coffee, glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance: Physiological mechanisms and mediators. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 33(6), 1290-1300. https://doi.org/10.1139/H08-123
78. Tuomilehto, J., Hu, G., Bidel, S., Lindström, J., Jousilahti, P. (2004). Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among middle-aged Finnish men and women. JAMA, 291(10), 1213-1219. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.10.1213
79. Ullah, F., Ali, T., Ullah, N., Kim, M.O. (2015). Caffeine prevents D-galactose-induced cognitive deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the adult rat brain. Neurochemistry International, 90, 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.001
80. Velázquez, A.M., Roglans, N., Bentanachs, R., Gené, M., Sala-Vila, A., Lázaro, I., Rodríguez-Morató, J., Sánchez, R.M., Laguna, J.C., Alegret, M. (2020). Effects of a low dose of caffeine alone or as part of a green coffee extract, in a rat dietary model of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease without inflammation. Nutrients, 12(11), 3240. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113240
81. Vitaglione, P., Morisco, F., Mazzone, G., Amoruso, D.C., Ribecco, M.T., Romano, A., Fogliano, V., Caporaso, N., D'Argenio, G. (2010). Coffee reduces liver damage in a rat model of steatohepatitis: The underlying mechanisms and the role of polyphenols and melanoidins. Hepatology, 52(5), 1652-1661. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23902
82. Vo, T.S., Vo, T.T.B.C., Vo, T.T.T.N. (2021a). Available chemical constituents and activities of ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi or red reishi) utilizing in disease treatment: A mini review. Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine, 9(1), 32-32. https://doi.org/10.34172/jrcm.2021.032
83. Vo, T.S., Vo, T.T.B.C., Vo, T.T.T.N. (2021b). A short review: Characterization and heath effects of saffron utilizing in disease treatment and prevention. Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine, 9(1), 28-28. https://doi.org/10.34172/jrcm.2021.028
84. Vo, T.S., Vo, T.T.B.C., Vo, T.T.T.N., Lai, T.N.H. (2021c) Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.): Chemical components and their effective clinical applications. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 8(3), 883-898. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.913136
85. Vo, T.S., Vo, T.T.T.N., Vo, T.T.B.C. (2020a). Coronavirus infection prevention by wearing masks. The Eurasian Journal of Medicine, 52(2), 197. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.20056
86. Vo, T.S., Vo, T.T.T.N., Vo, T.T.B.C. (2020b). Handwashing in against of coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Journal of Research in Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 19-19. https://doi.org/10.34172/jrcm.2020.019
87. Watanabe, S., Takahashi, T., Ogawa, H., Uehara, H., Tsunematsu, T., Baba, H., Morimoto, Y., Tsuneyama, K. (2017). Daily Coffee intake inhibits pancreatic beta cell damage and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model of spontaneous metabolic syndrome, Tsumura-Suzuki obese diabetic mice. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 15(4), 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2016.011
88. Yanagimoto, K., Ochi, H., Lee, K.G., Shibamoto, T. (2004). Antioxidative activities of fractions obtained from brewed coffee. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(3), 592-596. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030317t
89. Yesil, A., Yilmaz, Y. (2013). Review article: coffee consumption, the metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 38(9), 1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12489
90. Zelber-Sagi, S., Salomone, F., Webb, M., Lotan, R., Yeshua, H., Halpern, Z., Santo, E., Oren, R., Shibolet, O. (2015). Coffee consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver onset: a prospective study in the general population. Translational Research, 165(3), 428-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2014.10.008
91. Zores, F., Rebeaud, M.E. (2020). COVID and the Renin-Angiotensin system: Are hypertension or its treatments deleterious? Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2020.00071