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Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 37 - 46, 29.02.2020

Öz

Doğum gerçekleştikten sonra süt salımı ile başlayan dönem laktasyon dönemi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Anne ve bebek sağlığı açısından hassas bir dönem olan laktasyon döneminde, emziren annenin yeterli, dengeli ve sağlıklı beslenmesi anne ve bebek sağlığı için çok önemlidir. Laktasyon döneminde; annenin beslenme durumu ve alışkanlıkları, bebeğin sağlığını, optimum büyümesini ve gelecekteki metabolik hastalıklarını etkilemektedir. Annenin beslenmesi uzun dönemde anne sütünü etkilerken, kısa dönemde anne sütünü etkilememektedir. Laktasyon döneminde annenin tükettiği enerji miktarının arttırılması önerilmektedir. Makro besin öğelerinin (karbonhidrat, protein ve yağ) yeterli ve dengeli tüketimi sağlanmalıdır. Günlük alınması gereken makro besin öğelerinin oranları yetişkin bireyler ile benzerdir. Anne ve bebek için hassas olan laktasyon döneminde sağlık riski gelişimini önlemek için enerji, makro ve mikro besin öğelerini yeterli miktarda içeren beslenme örüntüsü planlanmalı, su tüketimi ve sık emzirmenin süt verimi açısından önemi vurgulanmalıdır. Bu derlemede; yeterli ve dengeli beslenmenin temelini oluşturan enerji ve makro besin ögelerinin laktasyon döneminde tüketim miktarı ve önemi literatüre dayalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Bölükbaşı H, Şanlıer N. Postpartum depresyonun annelerin emzirme başarısı, Öz Yeterliliği ve Anne Sütüne Etkileri. Turkiye Klin Nutr Diet - Spec Top. 2017;3(2):111–6.
  • 2. Kültürsaray N, Bilgen H, Türkyılmaz C. Türkiye neontoloji derneği sağlıklı term bebeğin beslenmesi rehberi. 2014.
  • 3. Tatarlar A. Vajinal doğum sırasında yaşanan korkunun laktasyona , emme davranışlarına ve ilk emzirme sonuçlarına etkisi. 2016;15(2):83–92.
  • 4. Ay E, Büyükuslu N, Batırel S, İlktaç HY, Garipoğlu M. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation in rats imprints long term reduction in hepatic lipid content selectively in the male offspring. Nutr Res. 2018;1(1):21–61.
  • 5. American of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for perinatal care. 7th. [Internet]. Washington; 2012 [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: https://reader.aappublications.org/guidelines-for-perinatal-care-7th-edition/1
  • 6. Dinç A, Dombaz İ, Dinç D. 6-18 ay arası bebeği olan annelerin emzirme ve anne sütüne ilişkin gelenkesel uygulamaları. Balıkesır Heal Sci J. 2015;4(3):125–30.
  • 7. Innis SM. Impact of maternal diet on human milk composition and neurological development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited 2019 Oct 2];99(3):734S-41S. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500153
  • 8. Ares Segura S, Arena Ansotegui J, Marta Diaz-Gomez N. The importance of maternal nutrition during breastfeeding: Do breastfeeding mothers need nutritional supplements? An Pediatría (English Ed. 2016 Jun;84(6):347.e1-347.e7.
  • 9. Selimoğlu MA. Anne ve bebek sağlığı açısından emziren anne beslenmesinin önemi. 2013;183–7.
  • 10. Aubuchon-Endsley NL, Kennedy TS, Gilchrist M, Thomas DG, Grant S. Relationships among socioeconomic status, dietary intake, and stress in breastfeeding women. J Acad Nutr Diet [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2019 Oct 2];115(6):939-46.e1. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687029
  • 11. TÜBER. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye beslenme rehberi: “TÜBER 2015.” Anakara; 2015.
  • 12. Ekasa B, Blomme G, Garming H. Dietary diversity and nutritional status of pre-school children from musa-dependent households in Gitega (Burundi) and Butembo (Democratic Republic of Congo) - GOV.UK. African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2019 Oct 12];11(4). Available from: https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/dietary-diversity-and-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children-from-musa-dependent-households-in-gitega-burundi-and-butembo-democratic-republic-of-congo
  • 13. Weldehaweria NB, Misgina KH, Weldu MG, Gebregiorgis YS, Gebrezgi BH, Zewdie SW, et al. Dietary diversity and related factors among lactating women visiting public health facilities in Aksum town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Nutr. 2016 Dec;2(1).
  • 14. Boke MM, Geremew AB. Low dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in Angecha districts, Southern Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):1–7.
  • 15. Yu K, Xue Y, Zhao W, Zhao A, Li W, Zhang Y, et al. Translation of nutrient recommendations into personalized optimal diets for Chinese urban lactating women by linear programming models 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1111 Nutrition and Dietetics. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1–15.
  • 16. Santos LS, Cordeiro GS, Perez GS, Santo DAE, Macêdo APA, Lima MS, et al. Influence of mother nutrition during pregnancy and/or lactation on offspring food preference in experimental models. Brazilian J Biol. 2019;79(2):220–32.
  • 17. Mennella JA, Daniels LM, Reiter AR. Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: A randomized clinical trial of lactating mothers and infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(1):67–76.
  • 18. Tekiner AS, Ungan M. Gebelik ve laktasyonda beslenme. Turkiye Klin J Fam Med-Special Top. 2014;5(6):16–22.
  • 19. Türk Jinekoloji ve Obstetrik Derneği. FIGO adölesan, gebelik öncesi ve maternal beslenme önerileri: “Önce beslenmeyi düşün.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2015. 55 p.
  • 20. Mecacci F, Biagioni S, Ottanelli S, Mello G. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: how a healthy infant is born. J Pediatr neonatal Individ Med. 2015;4(2):1–14.
  • 21. EFSA. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for energy [Internet]. Vol. 11, EFSA Journal. Parma, Italy; 2013. 3005 p. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal
  • 22. Sampey BP, Vanhoose AM, Winfield HM, Freemerman AJ, Muehlbauer MJ, Fueger PT, et al. Cafeteria diet is a robust model of human metabolic syndrome with liver and adipose inflammation: comparison to high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2019 Oct 3];19(6):1109–17. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331068
  • 23. Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause’s food and autrition care process. Saunders, Philadelphia; 2011.
  • 24. Katz DL, Freidman RSC, Lucan SC. Nutrition in clinical practice. 2014. 377–387 p.
  • 25. Kumon M, Yamamoto K, Takahashi A, Wada K, Wada E. Maternal dietary restriction during lactation influences postnatal growth and behavior in the offspring of mice. Neurochem Int [Internet]. 2010;57(1):43–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2010.04.009
  • 26. Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2011 May [cited 2019 Oct 10];65(5):598–605. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224871
  • 27. Cordero P, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Milagro FI, Campion J, Martinez JA. Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2014;99(5):834–40.
  • 28. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Di̇yeti̇syenler i̇çi̇n hasta i̇zlem rehberi̇ ağirlik yöneti̇mi̇ el ki̇tabi. 2017.
  • 29. Moradi M, Maracy MR, Esmaillzadeh A, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Associations between dietary energy density in mothers and growth of breastfeeding ınfants during the first 4 months of life. J Am Coll Nutr [Internet]. 2018;37(8):731–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1465486
  • 30. Cadena-Burbano EV, Cavalcanti CCL, Lago AB, Benjamim R de AC, Oliveira TR dos P, Silva JM, et al. A maternal high-fat/high-caloric diet delays reflex ontogeny during lactation but enhances locomotor performance during late adolescence in rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(2):98–109.
  • 31. Tzanetakou IP, PMikhailidis D, Perrea DN. Nutrition During Pregnancy and the Effect of Carbohydrates on the Offspring’s Metabolic Profile: In Search of the “Perfect Maternal Diet.” Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011 May 18;5(1):103–9.
  • 32. Labuschagne I, Ackerberg T, Lombard M. Optimal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. Prof Nurs Today. 2012;16(1):26–9.
  • 33. Yürük AA, Ünal RN. Maternal diyetle fruktoz alımının anne ve yavru sıçanlarda trigliserit ve serbest yağ asidi düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. 2015;43(1):3–11.
  • 34. Food and Agricultur Organization of United Nations. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: report of an FAo expert consultation. 2013.
  • 35. Jahan-Mihan A, Smith CE, Anderson GH. Effect of protein source in diets fed during gestation and lactation on food intake regulation in male offspring of wistar rats. Am J Physiol - Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;300(5):1175–84.
  • 36. da Silva Faria T, de Bittencourt Brasil F, Sampaio FJB, da Fonte Ramos C. Effects of maternal undernutrition during lactation on estrogen and androgen receptor expressions in rat ovary at puberty. Nutrition. 2010;26(10):993–9.
  • 37. Babinski MSD, Ramos CF, Fernandes RMP, Cardoso GP, Babinski MA. Maternal Malnutrition Diet During Lactation Period Leads to Incomplete Catch-Up Growth in Femur of the Pups at Adulthood. Int J Morphol. 2016;34(1):71–7.
  • 38. Koletzko B, Agostoni C, Bergmann R, Ritzenthaler K, Shamir R. Physiological aspects of human milk lipids and implications for infant feeding: a workshop report. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov [cited 2019 Oct 15];100(11):1405–15. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21535133
  • 39. Mennitti L V., Oliveira JL, Morais CA, Estadella D, Oyama LM, Oller do Nascimento CM, et al. Type of fatty acids in maternal diets during pregnancy and/or lactation and metabolic consequences of the offspring. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. 2015;26(2):99–111. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.001
  • 40. Società di Nutrizione Umana. Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed Energia per la Popolazione Italiana [Internet]. Milano,Italya; 2012 [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: www.sicseditore.it
  • 41. Michaelsen KF, Dewey KG, Perez-Exposito AB, Nurhasan M, Lauritzen L, Roos N. Food sources and intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in low-income countries with emphasis on infants, young children (6-24 months), and pregnant and lactating women. Matern Child Nutr [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2019 Oct 15];7 Suppl 2:124–40. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366872
  • 42. Almeida L, Boaventura KCT, Silva GGMA. Influence of omega-3 fatty acids from the flaxseed (Limum usitatissimum) on the brain development of newborn rats. Nutr Hosp [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2019 Oct 13];26(5):991–6. Available from: https://flaxcouncil.ca/abstract/influence-of-omega-3-fatty-acids-from-the-flaxseed-limum-usitatissimum-on-the-brain-development-of-newborn-rats/
  • 43. T.C. Tarım ve Ormancılık Bakanlığı. Türkomp Ulusal Gıda Kompozisyon Veri Tabanı [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.turkomp.gov.tr/
  • 44. USDA. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=tuna
  • 45. Marangoni F, Cetin I, Verduci E, Canzone G, Giovannini M, Scollo P, et al. Maternal diet and nutrient requirements in pregnancy and breastfeeding. An Italian consensus document. Nutrients. 2016;8(10):1–17.
  • 46. Pounis G, de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Laporte F, Krogh V, Siani A, et al. Dietary patterns and fatty acids levels of three European populations. Results from the IMMIDIET study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2019 Oct 15];24(8):883–90. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972558
  • 47. Martinez H. Fluid consumption by Mexican women during pregnancy and first semester of lactation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014.

Nutrition in Lactation: Energy and Macro Nutrients

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 37 - 46, 29.02.2020

Öz

After birth, the period beginning with milk release is called the lactation period. Adequate, balanced, and healthy nutrition of the breastfeeding mother is very important for the health of mother and baby, during lactation, which is a sensitive period for mother and baby health. During lactation, maternal nutritional status and habits affect the baby's health, optimal growth, and future metabolic diseases. Maternal nutrition affects breastmilk in the long term but does not affect breastmilk in the short term. It is recommended to increase the amount of energy consumed by the mother during lactation. Adequate and balanced consumption of macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat) should be ensured. The proportion of macronutrients that need to be taken daily is similar to that of adult individuals. To prevent the development of health risk during lactation, which is sensitive to mother and baby, energy, macro, and micronutrients should be planned in a sufficient amount of nutritional patterns, water consumption, and the importance of frequent breastfeeding in terms of milk yield should be emphasized. In this review, the amount and importance of energy and macronutrients, which constitute the basis of adequate and balanced nutrition during the lactation period, are evaluated based on the literature.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Bölükbaşı H, Şanlıer N. Postpartum depresyonun annelerin emzirme başarısı, Öz Yeterliliği ve Anne Sütüne Etkileri. Turkiye Klin Nutr Diet - Spec Top. 2017;3(2):111–6.
  • 2. Kültürsaray N, Bilgen H, Türkyılmaz C. Türkiye neontoloji derneği sağlıklı term bebeğin beslenmesi rehberi. 2014.
  • 3. Tatarlar A. Vajinal doğum sırasında yaşanan korkunun laktasyona , emme davranışlarına ve ilk emzirme sonuçlarına etkisi. 2016;15(2):83–92.
  • 4. Ay E, Büyükuslu N, Batırel S, İlktaç HY, Garipoğlu M. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation in rats imprints long term reduction in hepatic lipid content selectively in the male offspring. Nutr Res. 2018;1(1):21–61.
  • 5. American of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for perinatal care. 7th. [Internet]. Washington; 2012 [cited 2019 Oct 13]. Available from: https://reader.aappublications.org/guidelines-for-perinatal-care-7th-edition/1
  • 6. Dinç A, Dombaz İ, Dinç D. 6-18 ay arası bebeği olan annelerin emzirme ve anne sütüne ilişkin gelenkesel uygulamaları. Balıkesır Heal Sci J. 2015;4(3):125–30.
  • 7. Innis SM. Impact of maternal diet on human milk composition and neurological development of infants. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2014 Mar [cited 2019 Oct 2];99(3):734S-41S. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500153
  • 8. Ares Segura S, Arena Ansotegui J, Marta Diaz-Gomez N. The importance of maternal nutrition during breastfeeding: Do breastfeeding mothers need nutritional supplements? An Pediatría (English Ed. 2016 Jun;84(6):347.e1-347.e7.
  • 9. Selimoğlu MA. Anne ve bebek sağlığı açısından emziren anne beslenmesinin önemi. 2013;183–7.
  • 10. Aubuchon-Endsley NL, Kennedy TS, Gilchrist M, Thomas DG, Grant S. Relationships among socioeconomic status, dietary intake, and stress in breastfeeding women. J Acad Nutr Diet [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2019 Oct 2];115(6):939-46.e1. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25687029
  • 11. TÜBER. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye beslenme rehberi: “TÜBER 2015.” Anakara; 2015.
  • 12. Ekasa B, Blomme G, Garming H. Dietary diversity and nutritional status of pre-school children from musa-dependent households in Gitega (Burundi) and Butembo (Democratic Republic of Congo) - GOV.UK. African J Food, Agric Nutr Dev [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2019 Oct 12];11(4). Available from: https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/dietary-diversity-and-nutritional-status-of-pre-school-children-from-musa-dependent-households-in-gitega-burundi-and-butembo-democratic-republic-of-congo
  • 13. Weldehaweria NB, Misgina KH, Weldu MG, Gebregiorgis YS, Gebrezgi BH, Zewdie SW, et al. Dietary diversity and related factors among lactating women visiting public health facilities in Aksum town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. BMC Nutr. 2016 Dec;2(1).
  • 14. Boke MM, Geremew AB. Low dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in Angecha districts, Southern Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):1–7.
  • 15. Yu K, Xue Y, Zhao W, Zhao A, Li W, Zhang Y, et al. Translation of nutrient recommendations into personalized optimal diets for Chinese urban lactating women by linear programming models 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1111 Nutrition and Dietetics. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):1–15.
  • 16. Santos LS, Cordeiro GS, Perez GS, Santo DAE, Macêdo APA, Lima MS, et al. Influence of mother nutrition during pregnancy and/or lactation on offspring food preference in experimental models. Brazilian J Biol. 2019;79(2):220–32.
  • 17. Mennella JA, Daniels LM, Reiter AR. Learning to like vegetables during breastfeeding: A randomized clinical trial of lactating mothers and infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106(1):67–76.
  • 18. Tekiner AS, Ungan M. Gebelik ve laktasyonda beslenme. Turkiye Klin J Fam Med-Special Top. 2014;5(6):16–22.
  • 19. Türk Jinekoloji ve Obstetrik Derneği. FIGO adölesan, gebelik öncesi ve maternal beslenme önerileri: “Önce beslenmeyi düşün.” International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2015. 55 p.
  • 20. Mecacci F, Biagioni S, Ottanelli S, Mello G. Nutrition in pregnancy and lactation: how a healthy infant is born. J Pediatr neonatal Individ Med. 2015;4(2):1–14.
  • 21. EFSA. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for energy [Internet]. Vol. 11, EFSA Journal. Parma, Italy; 2013. 3005 p. Available from: www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal
  • 22. Sampey BP, Vanhoose AM, Winfield HM, Freemerman AJ, Muehlbauer MJ, Fueger PT, et al. Cafeteria diet is a robust model of human metabolic syndrome with liver and adipose inflammation: comparison to high-fat diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) [Internet]. 2011 Jun [cited 2019 Oct 3];19(6):1109–17. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331068
  • 23. Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause’s food and autrition care process. Saunders, Philadelphia; 2011.
  • 24. Katz DL, Freidman RSC, Lucan SC. Nutrition in clinical practice. 2014. 377–387 p.
  • 25. Kumon M, Yamamoto K, Takahashi A, Wada K, Wada E. Maternal dietary restriction during lactation influences postnatal growth and behavior in the offspring of mice. Neurochem Int [Internet]. 2010;57(1):43–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2010.04.009
  • 26. Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2011 May [cited 2019 Oct 10];65(5):598–605. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224871
  • 27. Cordero P, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Milagro FI, Campion J, Martinez JA. Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2014;99(5):834–40.
  • 28. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Di̇yeti̇syenler i̇çi̇n hasta i̇zlem rehberi̇ ağirlik yöneti̇mi̇ el ki̇tabi. 2017.
  • 29. Moradi M, Maracy MR, Esmaillzadeh A, Surkan PJ, Azadbakht L. Associations between dietary energy density in mothers and growth of breastfeeding ınfants during the first 4 months of life. J Am Coll Nutr [Internet]. 2018;37(8):731–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1465486
  • 30. Cadena-Burbano EV, Cavalcanti CCL, Lago AB, Benjamim R de AC, Oliveira TR dos P, Silva JM, et al. A maternal high-fat/high-caloric diet delays reflex ontogeny during lactation but enhances locomotor performance during late adolescence in rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(2):98–109.
  • 31. Tzanetakou IP, PMikhailidis D, Perrea DN. Nutrition During Pregnancy and the Effect of Carbohydrates on the Offspring’s Metabolic Profile: In Search of the “Perfect Maternal Diet.” Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011 May 18;5(1):103–9.
  • 32. Labuschagne I, Ackerberg T, Lombard M. Optimal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. Prof Nurs Today. 2012;16(1):26–9.
  • 33. Yürük AA, Ünal RN. Maternal diyetle fruktoz alımının anne ve yavru sıçanlarda trigliserit ve serbest yağ asidi düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. 2015;43(1):3–11.
  • 34. Food and Agricultur Organization of United Nations. Dietary protein quality evaluation in human nutrition: report of an FAo expert consultation. 2013.
  • 35. Jahan-Mihan A, Smith CE, Anderson GH. Effect of protein source in diets fed during gestation and lactation on food intake regulation in male offspring of wistar rats. Am J Physiol - Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;300(5):1175–84.
  • 36. da Silva Faria T, de Bittencourt Brasil F, Sampaio FJB, da Fonte Ramos C. Effects of maternal undernutrition during lactation on estrogen and androgen receptor expressions in rat ovary at puberty. Nutrition. 2010;26(10):993–9.
  • 37. Babinski MSD, Ramos CF, Fernandes RMP, Cardoso GP, Babinski MA. Maternal Malnutrition Diet During Lactation Period Leads to Incomplete Catch-Up Growth in Femur of the Pups at Adulthood. Int J Morphol. 2016;34(1):71–7.
  • 38. Koletzko B, Agostoni C, Bergmann R, Ritzenthaler K, Shamir R. Physiological aspects of human milk lipids and implications for infant feeding: a workshop report. Acta Paediatr [Internet]. 2011 Nov [cited 2019 Oct 15];100(11):1405–15. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21535133
  • 39. Mennitti L V., Oliveira JL, Morais CA, Estadella D, Oyama LM, Oller do Nascimento CM, et al. Type of fatty acids in maternal diets during pregnancy and/or lactation and metabolic consequences of the offspring. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. 2015;26(2):99–111. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.001
  • 40. Società di Nutrizione Umana. Livelli di Assunzione di Riferimento di Nutrienti ed Energia per la Popolazione Italiana [Internet]. Milano,Italya; 2012 [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: www.sicseditore.it
  • 41. Michaelsen KF, Dewey KG, Perez-Exposito AB, Nurhasan M, Lauritzen L, Roos N. Food sources and intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in low-income countries with emphasis on infants, young children (6-24 months), and pregnant and lactating women. Matern Child Nutr [Internet]. 2011 Apr [cited 2019 Oct 15];7 Suppl 2:124–40. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21366872
  • 42. Almeida L, Boaventura KCT, Silva GGMA. Influence of omega-3 fatty acids from the flaxseed (Limum usitatissimum) on the brain development of newborn rats. Nutr Hosp [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2019 Oct 13];26(5):991–6. Available from: https://flaxcouncil.ca/abstract/influence-of-omega-3-fatty-acids-from-the-flaxseed-limum-usitatissimum-on-the-brain-development-of-newborn-rats/
  • 43. T.C. Tarım ve Ormancılık Bakanlığı. Türkomp Ulusal Gıda Kompozisyon Veri Tabanı [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.turkomp.gov.tr/
  • 44. USDA. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 16]. Available from: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/?query=tuna
  • 45. Marangoni F, Cetin I, Verduci E, Canzone G, Giovannini M, Scollo P, et al. Maternal diet and nutrient requirements in pregnancy and breastfeeding. An Italian consensus document. Nutrients. 2016;8(10):1–17.
  • 46. Pounis G, de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Laporte F, Krogh V, Siani A, et al. Dietary patterns and fatty acids levels of three European populations. Results from the IMMIDIET study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis [Internet]. 2014 Aug [cited 2019 Oct 15];24(8):883–90. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972558
  • 47. Martinez H. Fluid consumption by Mexican women during pregnancy and first semester of lactation. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Zeliha Uçar 0000-0002-5701-4046

Hande Ongün Yılmaz 0000-0002-3497-567X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Şubat 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uçar, Z., & Ongün Yılmaz, H. (2020). Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(1), 37-46.
AMA Uçar Z, Ongün Yılmaz H. Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri. Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi. Şubat 2020;2(1):37-46.
Chicago Uçar, Zeliha, ve Hande Ongün Yılmaz. “Laktasyon döneminde Beslenme: Enerji Ve Makro Besin Öğeleri”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 2, sy. 1 (Şubat 2020): 37-46.
EndNote Uçar Z, Ongün Yılmaz H (01 Şubat 2020) Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 2 1 37–46.
IEEE Z. Uçar ve H. Ongün Yılmaz, “Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri”, Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, ss. 37–46, 2020.
ISNAD Uçar, Zeliha - Ongün Yılmaz, Hande. “Laktasyon döneminde Beslenme: Enerji Ve Makro Besin Öğeleri”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 2/1 (Şubat 2020), 37-46.
JAMA Uçar Z, Ongün Yılmaz H. Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri. Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi. 2020;2:37–46.
MLA Uçar, Zeliha ve Hande Ongün Yılmaz. “Laktasyon döneminde Beslenme: Enerji Ve Makro Besin Öğeleri”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 37-46.
Vancouver Uçar Z, Ongün Yılmaz H. Laktasyon döneminde beslenme: Enerji ve Makro Besin Öğeleri. Sağlık Pro Arş Dergisi. 2020;2(1):37-46.

SAĞLIK PROFESYONELLERİ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ / JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS RESEARCH /J HEALTH PRO RES