Yaşlılarda Basınç Yaralanmalarının Değerlendirilmesi ve Önlenmesi: Fizyolojik Değişikliklerden Koruyucu Yaklaşımlara

Öz

Tüm dünyada yaşlı nüfus sayısı ve oranı giderek artmakta ve buna bağlı olarak basınç yaraları giderek daha yaygın hale gelmektedir. Basınç yaraları sağlık bakımında sık rastlanılan ve mortalite ve morbiditeye yol açmada önemli bir yere sahip olan önemli bir sorundur. Basınç yaraları önlenebilir bir sorun olmasına karşın görülme sıklığı yüksektir. Yaşlı bireyler basınç yarası gelişim riski açısından en riskli gruptur. Yaşlanmayla birlikte eşlik eden kronik hastalıklar, duyusal algılamada değişim, hareket kısıtlılığı, bilişsel fonksiyonlarda bozulma, malnütrisyon, kollajen yapımının azalması, inkontinans, yetersiz cilt bakımı vb. durumlar yaşlı bireylerde basınç yarası gelişme riskini arttırmaktadır. Hastane ve huzurevlerinde yapılan çalışmalarda yaş arttıkça basınç yarası gelişme sıklığının arttığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle yaşlı sağlığının korunması ve geliştirilmesi için önleyici yaklaşımın benimsenmesi gerekmektedir. Uluslararası klavuzlarda basınç yaralanmalarının önlenmesine yönelik, risk değerlendirmesi yapılması, deri değerlendirmesi ve deri bakımı yapılması, beslenmenin değerlendirilmesi, pozisyon verilmesi, destek yüzeylerin kullanılması ve eğitim verilmesi önerilmektedir. Bu kapsamda basınç yarası riski taşıyan kişileri belirlemek ve önleyici tedbirleri başlatmak ilk adımdır. Bu derlemede yaşlı bireyler için önemli bir sorun olan basınç yarasının gelişimi, risk faktörleri ve önlemeye yönelik koruyucu yaklaşımlar ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Basınç yaralanması
• önleme
• yaşlı

Evaluation and Prevention of Pressure Injuries in the Elderly: From Physiological Changes to Preventive Approaches

Öz

The number and rate of the elderly population is increasing all over the world, and accordingly, pressure injury are becoming increasingly common. Pressure injuries are a common problem in healthcare and have an important place in causing mortality and morbidity. Although pressure injuries are a preventable problem, their incidence is high. Elderly individuals are the riskiest group in terms of the risk of developing pressure injury. Chronic diseases that accompany aging, changes in sensory perception, limited movement, cognitive dysfunction, malnutrition, decreased collagen production, incontinence, inadequate skin care, etc. increase the risk of developing pressure injury in elderly individuals. Studies conducted in hospitals and nursing homes show that the frequency of developing pressure injury increases with age. Therefore, a preventive approach should be adopted to protect and improve elderly health. International guidelines recommend risk assessment, skin assessment and skin care, nutritional assessment, positioning, use of support surfaces, and education for the prevention of pressure injuries. In this context, identifying people at risk of pressure injury and initiating preventive measures is the first step. In this review, the development of pressure injury, which is an important problem for elderly individuals, risk factors and protective approaches to prevention were tried to be discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Elderly
• pressure injury
• prevention

Kaynakça

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