Changes in the sleep quality and physical activity habits of vocational school students during the COVID-19

Öz

Aims: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a decision to implement distance education became effective in Turkey as of March 22, 2020. The present study aims to investigate the changes in the sleep quality and physical activity habits of university students during distance education. Methods: A total of 634 students from Trakya University Health Services Vocational School, consisting of 463 females and 171 males, participated in the study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the International Physical Activity Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were applied online to evaluate the sleep quality, physical activity levels and sedentary behavior of the participants. Results:A significant increase was observed in PSQI scores under the restrictions introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (p<0.001). Subjective sleep quality score was found to be higher in females than in males (p<0.001). However, a significant decrease in IPAQ scores was noted in both genders during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic (p<0.001). Mean daily sitting time was found to increase from 7.5 (4.5-10.5) hours before the pandemic to 12 (7.5-16.5) hours during the pandemic. Conclusion: Students' sleep quality and physical activity habits were negatively affected during the COVID 19 pandemic. In this regard, awareness-raising activities and training should be organized and implemented to improve sleep quality, increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in students during the repeated lockdowns. Furthermore, the use of mobile applications with social networking features or wearable technologies that support this purpose may help raise awareness and increase motivation for physical activity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• IPAQ
• PSQI
• sleep
• sedentary living.

Kaynakça

1. Organization WH. Novel Coronavirus.(2019-nCoV) technical guidance: laboratory guidance. Geneva: WHO Available via https://www who int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance Accessed. 2020;3.
2. Martínez-Lezaun I, Santamaría-Vázquez M, Del Líbano M. Influence of Confinement by COVID-19 on the Quality of Sleep and the Interests of University Students. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2020;12:1075.
3. Herian M, Desimone J. Examining Psychosocial Well-being and Performance in Isolated, Confined, and Extreme Environments Final Report. NASA/TM-2015; 2014.
4. Wright Jr KP, McHill AW, Birks BR, Griffin BR, Rusterholz T, Chinoy ED. Entrainment of the human circadian clock to the natural light-dark cycle. Current Biology. 2013;23(16):1554-8.
5. Aysan E, Karaköse S, Zaybak A, İsmailoğlu EG. Üniversite öğrencilerinde uyku kalitesi ve etkileyen faktörler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi. 2014;7(3):193-8.
6. Altena E, Baglioni C, Espie CA, Ellis J, Gavriloff D, Holzinger B, et al. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research. 2020:e13052.
7. Önder I, Masal E, Demirhan E, Horzum MB, Besoluk S. Psychometric Properties of Sleep Quality Scale and Sleep Variables Questionnaire in Turkish Student Sample. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies. 2016;3(3):9-21.
8. Dewald JF, Meijer AM, Oort FJ, Kerkhof GA, Bögels SM. The influence of sleep quality, sleep duration and sleepiness on school performance in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Sleep medicine reviews. 2010;14(3):179-89.

9. Meijer AM. Chronic sleep reduction, functioning at school and school achievement in preadolescents. Journal of sleep research. 2008;17(4):395-405.
10. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of medical virology. 2020;92(4):424-32.
11. Jurak G, Morrison SA, Leskošek B, Kovač M, Hadžić V, Vodičar J, et al. Physical activity recommendations during the COVID-19 virus outbreak. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2020.
12. Rodríguez MÁ, Crespo I, Olmedillas H. Exercising in times of COVID-19: what do experts recommend doing within four walls? Revista Espanola De Cardiologia (English Ed). 2020.
13. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research. 1989;28(2):193-213.
14. Agargun M. Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin gecerligi ve guvenirligi. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 1996;7:107-15.
15. Committee IR. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short and long forms. http://www ipaq ki se/scoring pdf. 2005.
16. Hauser SL, Josephson SA. Harrison's neurology in clinical medicine: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2010.
17. Lund HG, Reider BD, Whiting AB, Prichard JR. Sleep patterns and predictors of disturbed sleep in a large population of college students. Journal of adolescent health. 2010;46(2):124-32.
18. Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, Saadati M, Sharifimoghadam S, Ahmadi A, et al. Sleep quality in medical students; the impact of over-use of mobile cellphone and social networks. Journal of research in health sciences. 2016;16(1):46.
19. Koulouglioti C, Cole R, Kitzman H. Inadequate sleep and unintentional injuries in young children. Public Health Nursing. 2008;25(2):106-14.
20. Bartel KA, Gradisar M, Williamson P. Protective and risk factors for adolescent sleep: a meta-analytic review. Sleep medicine reviews. 2015;21:72-85.
21. Wu X, Tao S, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Tao F. Low physical activity and high screen time can increase the risks of mental health problems and poor sleep quality among Chinese college students. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0119607.
22. Orsal O, Orsal O, Alparslan GB, Unsal A. Evaluation of the relation between quality of sleep and anxiety among university students. HealthMED. 2012;6(7):2244-55.
23. Lovato N, Gradisar M. A meta-analysis and model of the relationship between sleep and depression in adolescents: recommendations for future research and clinical practice. Sleep medicine reviews. 2014;18(6):521-9.
24. Kline CE, Irish LA, Krafty RT, Sternfeld B, Kravitz HM, Buysse DJ, et al. Consistently high sports/exercise activity is associated with better sleep quality, continuity and depth in midlife women: the SWAN sleep study. Sleep. 2013;36(9):1279-88.
25. Luciano F, Cenacchi V, Vegro V, Pavei G. COVID-19 lockdown: Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in Italian medicine students. European Journal of Sport Science. 2020:1-10.
26. Maher JP, Hevel DJ, Reifsteck EJ, Drollette ES. Physical activity is positively associated with college students' positive affect regardless of stressful life events during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology of sport and exercise. 2020;52:101826.
27. Woods J, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, Roberts WO, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Radak Z, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Elsevier; 2020.
28. Anderson E, Durstine JL. Physical activity, exercise, and chronic diseases: A brief review. Sports Medicine and Health Science. 2019;1(1):3-10.
29. Narici M, De Vito G, Franchi M, Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, et al. Impact of sedentarism due to the COVID-19 home confinement on neuromuscular, cardiovascular and metabolic health: Physiological and pathophysiological implications and recommendations for physical and nutritional countermeasures. European journal of sport science. 2020:1-22.
30. Castro O, Bennie J, Vergeer I, Bosselut G, Biddle SJ. How sedentary are university students? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prevention Science. 2020;21(3):332-43.
31. Ekelund U, Steene-Johannessen J, Brown WJ, Fagerland MW, Owen N, Powell KE, et al. Does physical activity attenuate, or even eliminate, the detrimental association of sitting time with mortality? A harmonised meta-analysis of data from more than 1 million men and women. The Lancet. 2016;388(10051):1302-10.
32. World Health Organization t. Global recommendations on physical activity for health: World Health Organization; 2010.
33. Stamatakis E, Ekelund U, Ding D, Hamer M, Bauman AE, Lee I-M. Is the time right for quantitative public health guidelines on sitting? A narrative review of sedentary behaviour research paradigms and findings. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019;53(6):377-82.