GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DEVELOPMENT OF EXPLOSIVE POWER AND RAPIDITY IN SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 14-15 YEARS OLD

Abstract

The primary task of physical education is the harmonious development of all anthropological parameters and characteristics of children. Knowing the motor skills of pupils, male and female, is directly related to the effects of physical education classes and the development of individual motor skills. The aim of this research was to determine the differences in the quantitative motor skills between boys and girls. The sample includes a population of 42 primary school students from primary school Serbia in East Sarajevo, aged 14 ± 0.5 years divided into two sub-categories. The variable long-jump variation (MDSM-cm) has been used to estimate the explosive power, while the variable 30 meters sprint (MT30V-sec) has been used to estimate the acceleration. By analyzing the T-test, statistically significant differences between boys and girls have been found.

Keywords

• Testosteron, sex, step lenght, morphological characteristics.

Kaynakça

1. Arefiev, V.G. (2014). Modeling of Differentiated Physical Fitness in School Children. Pedagogics, Psychology, Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports, 1, 3–8. doi:10.6084/ m9.figshare.894383.
2. Ayers, F. S., Sariscsany, JO. M. (2013). Fizičko Vaspitanje Za Celoživotnu Formu. Nacionalna asocijacija za sport i fizičko vaspitanje; Beograd [In Serbian].
3. Babić, V. (2005). The effect of motor abilities and morphological characteristics on sprinter’s running. (Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation, University of Zagreb) Zagreb: Faculty of kinesiology.
4. Badrić, M. (2011). Razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima između učenika i učenica 5. i 6. razreda. Hrvatski časopis za odgoj i obrazovanje, 13 (2), 82-107.
5. Batez, M., Krsmanović, B., Dmitrić, G., & Pantović, M. (2011). DIFFERENCES IN THE LEVEL OF MOTOR ABILITIES OF MALE AND FEMALE PUPILS OF YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE. Sport and Health VI; (2) 32-36.
6. Bijelić, S., & Simović, S. (2005). Trenažna Tehnologija U Radu Sa Mladim Sportistima. [In Serbian] Banja Luka: Sekretarijat za sport i omladinu u Vladi Republike Sprske.
7. Blagiy, O. O., & Andreeva, O. V. (2011). Physical Activity as a Factor that Shapes a Healthy Lifestyle of Students. In Topical Issues of Physical Education, Rehabilitation, Sports and Tourism. Zaporizhya: Proceedings of III Inter. Sc. and Prac. Conf. KPU (pp. 27-28).
8. Blažević, I., Novak, D., & Petrić, V. (2014). Realations Between Kinematic Parameters of Sprinter's Running and Specific Motor Abilities. Resaarch in Kinesiology. Vol. 4, No. 1, 22-28.

9. Breslauer, N., Delija, K., & Jelenić, A. (2004). Analysis of differences between groups of subjects involved in different kinesiological activities. In: V. Findak (ed.) Proceedings of the 14th Summer School of Kinesiologists of the Republic of Croatia, Rovinj: Croatian Kinesiological Association.
10. Broomfield, M. A. (2011). Policing masculinity and dance reality television: what gender nonconformity can teach us in the classroom. Journal of Dance Education 11(4): 124-128.
11. Castro-Piñero, J., Ortega, F. B., Artero, E. G., Girela-Rejón, M. J., Mora, J., Sjöström, M., & Ruiz, J. R. (2010). Assessing muscular strength in youth: usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1810-1817.
12. Coopenolle, H., & Delecluse, C. (1989). Technology and development of speed. Athletics Coach, 23 (1), 82-90.
13. Čoh, M. (2003). Razvoj brzine u kondiciskoj brzini sportaša. [in Croatian]. Međunarodni znanstveno- stručni skup Kondiciona Priprema Sportisa. Zagreb.
14. Čoh, M., Mihajlovič, S., & Praprotnik, U. (2001). Morfološke in kinematične značilnosti vrhunskih šprinterjev.U M. Čoh (ur.) Biomehanika atletike. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za šport.
15. Čoh, M., Tomažin, K., Dolenec, A., Terčelj, M., & Fajfar, P. (2001). Biomehanski Parametri Štarta in Štartne Akceleracije pri Vrhunskih Šprinterjih in Šprinterkah. U M. Čoh (ur.) Biomehanika atletike. Ljubljana: Fakulteta za šport.
16. Dedaj M. (2011). The importance of physical education for the health of children and young people historical overview (The importance of physical education for the health of children and youth Historical review). Pedagogy in Serbian 66(2): 346-356.
17. Deforche, B., Lefevre, J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Hills, A. P., Duquet, W., & Bouckaert, J. (2003). Physical ftness and physical activity in obese and nonobese Flemish youth. Obesity Research, 11, 434–441.
18. Di Cagno, R., Rizzello, C.G., Gagliardi, F., Ricciuti. P., Ndagijimana, M., Francavilla, R., Guerzoni, M.E., Crecchio, C., Gobbetti, M., & De Angelis, M. (2009). Different fecal microbiotas and volatile organic compounds in treated and untreated children with celiac disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 3963–3971.
19. Dragaš, M. (1998). Antropološke Dimenzije u Nastavi Fizičkog Vaspitanja. Prosvjetni rad: Podgorica [In Serbian].
20. Drid, P., Trivić, T., & Obadov, S. (2009). THE DYNAMICS OF SPEED DEVELOPMENT OF ATHLETE AND NON-ATHLETE BOYS 12-16 YEARS-OLD. Journal of the Anthropologycal Society of Serbia. 44; 187-190.
21. İorđić, V., & Tumin, D. (2008). ARE THE GIRLS “A PROBLEM“ IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES? Pedagogy. LXIII, 4.
22. Farooq, M. A., Parkinson, K. N., Adamson, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Reilly, J. K., Hughes, A. R., ... & Reilly, J. J. (2017). Timing of the decline in physical activity in childhood and adolescence: Gateshead Millennium Cohort Study. Br J Sports Med, bjsports-2016.
23. Faude, O, Koch, T, and Meyer, T. (2012). Straight sprinting is the most frequent action in goal situations in professional football. J Sports Sci 30: 625–631.
24. Gađžić, A., & Marković, V. (2014). Razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima učenika i učenica šestog razreda osnovne škole. SPORT – Nauka i Praksa. Vol. 4, No. 2, 5-16.
25. Gađžić, A., & Vučković, I. (2012). Motoričke sposobnosti učenika osnovne škole urbane i ruralne sredine. Journal of the Antropological Society of Serbia. 47; 131-138.
26. Gajić, M., Nićin, İ., & Kalajđžić, J. (1981). Struktura eksplozivne snage. [In Serbian]. (Elaborat), Fakulter fizičke culture, Novi Sad.
27. Galan, Y., Nakonechnyi, I., Moseichuk, Y., Vaskan, I., Paliichuk, Y., & Yarmak, O. (2017). The analysis of physical fitness of students of 13-14 years in the process of physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17, 2244-2249.
28. Gelemanović, I., Svoboda, T., & Tomas, A. (2006). Razlike u motoričkim i funkcionalnim sposobnostima učenika i učenica drugih razreda križevačkih srednjih škola školske godine 2004./05., usporedba sorijentacijskim rezultatima i rezultatima postignutim u prethodnoj školskoj godini 2003./04. U: V. Findak (Ed.), Zbornik radova 15. ljetne škole kineziologa Republike Hrvatske - Kvaliteta rada u područjima edukacije, sporta i sportske rekreacije. (str. 442-450). Zagreb: Hrvatski kineziološki savez.
29. Georgiev, G., Aleksandrović, M., & Petrov, LJ. (2009). Defnisanje i upoređenje motoričkih struktura između 12-ogodišnjih učenika i učenica. Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 44, 87-94.
30. Hardman, K. (2007). Current situation and prospects for physical education in the European Union, European parliament, Brussels.
31. Hunter, P. J., Marshall, N. R. & McNair, J. P. (2005). Relationships Between Ground Reaction Force Impulse and Kinematics of Sprint- Running Acceleration. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 21, 31-43. Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc.
32. Ivashchenko, O. V., Khudolii, O. M., Iermakov, S. S., Chernenko, S. О., & Golovko, А. R. (2015). Pedagogical Control of Motor Readiness of Junior School Boys. Teorìâ Ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, (2), 32-40.
33. Ivashchenko, O. V., Khudolii, O. M., Iermakov, S. S., Veremeenko, V. Y., & Lopatiev, A. O. (2018). Power abilities: recognition of the level of development in girls aged 12-14 years. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 22(3), 142-148.
34. Ivashchenko, O., Khudolii, O., Iermakov, S., Lochbaum, M. R., Cieslicka, M., Zukow, W., & Yermakova, T. (2016). Intra-group factorial model as the basis of pedagogical control over motor and functional fitness dynamic of 14-16 years old girls. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(4), 1190.
35. Kampmiller, T., Šelinger, P., Slamka, M., Venderka, M., Bercel, M., Vavak, M., Sedlaček, J., & Koštial, J. (1996). Sport performance structure and development of special abilities of high level sprinters. V T. Kampmiller in sod. (Ur.), The structure of performance and movement structure in the running, walking and jumping (5-32). Bratislava: Slovak Scientific Society fof Physical Education and Sport.
36. Katić, R., Miletić, İ. Maleš, B., Grgantov,Z. & Krstulović, S. (2005). Antroploški skolopovi sportaša. Split: Fakultet PMZK.
37. Kerić, M. & Ujsaši, D. (2014). Kvantitativne razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima učenika viših razreda osnovne škole. TIMS Acta, 8, 23- 30.
38. Khudolii, O. M., & Titarenko, A. A. (2010). Osoblyvosti rozvytku rukhovykh zdibnostey u khlopchykiv molodshoho shkil’noho viku. Teoria ta metodika fizicnogo vihovanna, 0 (8), 3-12.
39. Kim, J., Must, A., Fitzmaurice, G. M., et al. (2005). Relationship of physical fitness to prevalence and incidence of overweight among schoolchildren. Obes Res. 13(7), 1246-1254.
40. Komi, P.V. (1992). Strehght and Power in Sport. (Vol. III of the Encyclopaedia of Sport Medicine, An IOC Medical Commission Publication in collaboration with the International Federation of Sports Medicine). Marston Book Services Ltd, Oxford, Cambridge.
41. Kondrič, M., & Šajber, D. (1997). Analiza razvoja nekaterih telesnih značilnosti in gibalnih sposobnosti učencev in ečenk v Republiki Sloveniji od leta 1988 do 1995. Ljubljana: Fakultet za šport. Magistarska naloga.
42. Kraljević, R., Gadžić, A. & Vučković, I. (2013). Differences in motor skills of seventh-grade boys and girls. Acta Kinesiologica, 7 (2), 62-66.
43. Kreamer, W. J., & Fleck, S. J. (2005). Strenght training for young athletes (2en ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
44. Kukolj, M., Arunović, D., & Bokan, B. (1997). Motoričke osobineučenika mlađeg školskog uzrasta u funkciji sagledavanja senzitivnih perioda motoričkog razvoja. Ljetnja škola pedagoga fizičke culture 1997. Zbornik radova.
45. Likić, S., Bajramović, I., & Vranešić-Hadžimehmedović, D. (2018). Relationship Between Morphological Characteristics and Dynamic Running Parameters in the Case of boy Aged 10- 12 years. J. Anthr. Sport Phys. Educ. Vol. 2, No. 1, 27-30.
46. Lloyd, R.S., & Oliver, J.L. (2012). The youth physical development model: A new approach to long- term athletic development. Strength Cond J 34: 61–72.
47. Mak, K-K., Ho, S-Y., Lo, W-S., Thomas, G.S., McManus, A.M., Day, J.R., & Lam, T-H. (2010). Health-related physical fitness and weight status in Hong Kong adolescents. BMC Public Health. 10: 88.
48. Malina, R.M. (1994). Physical activity: Relationship to growth, maturation, and physical ftness. In: C. Bouchard, C. i T. Shepard (Eds.), Physical activity, ftness and health (pp.918-930). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
49. Marković, M., Findak, V., Metikoš, D., & Nedeljak, B. (1996). Developmental characteristics of motor and funkcional abilities in primary and secondary school pupils. Kineziologija. 282: 62- 70.
50. Mero, A. (1988). Force-Time Characteristics and Running Velocity of Male Sprinters During the Acceleration Phase of Sprinting. Research Quarterly, 59, (2), 94-98.
51. Meylan, CMP., Cronin, JB, Oliver, JL, & Rumpf, MC. (2014). Sex-related differences in explosive actions during late childhood. J Strength Cond Res 28(8): 2097–2104.
52. Mikalački, M. & Čokorilo, N. (2007). Razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima devojčica i dečaka uzrasta od 12 do 14 godina. U: G. Bala (Ur.) Antropološki status i fzička aktivnost dece i omladine (Str. 97-105). Novi Sad: Fakultet sporta i fzičkog vaspitanja.
53. Milanović, I. (2007). Effects of programmed physical education instruction at junior school age. Fizička kultura, 61(1-2), 43-70.
54. Milošević, N., Kreft, R., & Mučibabić, M. (2014). THE CONECTION BETWEEN THE TEST OF EXPLOSIVE STRENGHT AND RUNNING SPEED. Četvrta međunarodna konferencija ''Sportske nauke i zdravlje'' Zbornik radova79-84.
55. Mišigoj-Duraković, M. (2008). Kinantropologija – biološki aspekti tjelesnog vježbanja. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
56. Mladineo, M. (2006). Različitosti između dječaka i djevojčica petih razreda u nekim motoričkim sposobnostima. U: V. Findak (Ed.), Zbornik radova 15. ljetne škole kineziologa Republike Hrvatske - Kvaliteta rada u područjima edukacije, sporta i sportske rekreacije. (str. 191-197). Zagreb: Hrvatski kineziološki savez.
57. Mota, J., Guerra, S., Leonardo, C., Pinto, A., Ribeiro, J., & Durante, J. A. (2002). Association of maturation sex and body fat in cardiorespiratory fitness. American Journal of Human Biology. 14, 707-712.
58. Nićin, İ., & Lolić, V. (2010). Antropomotorika. Teorija i metodika. [In Serbian]. Panevropski univerzitet “APERION”. Banja Luka.
59. Orjen, E., Kristjan, O., & Bjorn, E. (2005). Physical performance and body mass index in Swedish children and adolescents. Scan J Natur. 49(4): 172-9.
60. Ortega, F.B., Artero, E.G., Ruiz, J.R et al. (2011). Physical fitness levels among European adolescent: the HELENA study. Br J Sport exerc Med. 45(1): 20-9.
61. Pavlivić, R., Idrizović, K., Vrcić, M., & Mosurović, M. (2014). DIFFERENCES IN TIME OF START REACTION AND ACHIEVED RESULT IN THE SPRINT DISCIPLINES IN THE FINALS OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN LONDON SPORTS SCIENCE AND HEALTH 4 (1):5-19.
62. Pavlova, Iu. (2013). Model for Evaluating Physical Activity of Schoolchildren. Theory and Methodology of Physical Education. No. 2. P. 13–18.
63. Pavlović, R. (2014). Atletika 1. [In Serbian]. SIA. Niš.
64. Pelemiš, M., Mitrović, N., Pelemiš, V. & Rankić, J. (2013). DIFFERENCES OF MOTORIC SPACE OF CHILDREN IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS WITH PARTIALISATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Crnogorska Sportska Akademija, “Sport Mont”. NO:XI(37, 38, 39). 370-376.
65. Pelemiš, V., Pelemiš, M., Mitrović, N. & Džinović, D. (2014). Analysis of differences in morphological and motor status of pupils and their connection with agility. Facta Universitatis Series: Physical Education and Sport, 12 (2), 113–122.
66. Petrić, V. (2011). Razina tjelesne aktivnosti i standard uhranjenosti adolescenata u Istri. [in Croatian]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet. Disertacija.
67. Popović, B., Radanović, D., Stupar, D. & Jezdimirović, T. (2010). Efekti programiranog vježbanja na razvoj brzine i eksplozivne snage u djevojčica predškolske dobi. 8. godišnja međunarodna konferencija KONDICIJSKA PRIPREMA SPORTAŠA. Zagreb.
68. Prskalo, I., & Sporiš, G. (2016). Kineziologija. [in Croatian]. Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Kineziološki fakultet. Zagreb.
69. Prskalo, I., Nedić, A., Sporiš, G., Badrić, M., & Milanović, Z. (2011). Sex differences in motor abilities of pupils 13 and 14 years of age. Hrvat. Športskomed. Vjesn. 26; 100-105.
70. Prskalo, I., Samac, M., & Kvesić, M. (2009). Morfološke i motoričke značajke kao spolni dimorfizam djece od 1. do 3. razreda. U: Zbornik radova „18. ljetnja škola kineziologa Republike hrvatske“ (ur. B. Neljak) pg. 226-232. Poreč: Hrvatski kineziološki savez.
71. Radinović, Z., & Pavlović, R. (2013). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE STUDENTS AND ATHLETES-JUNIORS IN CERTAIN MOTOR CAPABILITIES. PHYSICAL CULTURE 67 (1): 40-47.
72. Schot, P., & Knutzen, K. M. (1992). A Biomechanical Analysis of Four Sprint Start Positions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63 (2), 137-147.
73. Starc, G., Strel, J., & Kovač, M. (2010). Telesni in gibalni razvoj slovenskihotrok in mladine v številkah. šolsko leto 2007/2008. Ljubljana: Faculty of Sport.
74. Stojanović, N., Mijanović, M., Stojanović, T., & Perić, D. (2012). Defferences in the Explosive and Repetitive strength of twelve-year-old schoolchildren with different morphological characteristics. SportLogia. 8(29), 142-150.
75. Strel, J. (2006). Correlation of physical characteristics and general endurance: A comparison of 7 – to 19 – year old pupils betwen 1983, 1993 and 2003, Antropological notebooks. 12 (2);113-128.
76. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2002). Recommendations to increase physical activity in communities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, (4S), 67-72.
77. Torlaković, A. (2014). The effects of the swimming school program on situational motoring and some morphological characteristics of children. Sports Logos 13(23): 37-45.
78. Vehapi, S., Pireva, A., & Pireva, F. (2013). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STUDENTS 12 YEAR OLD IN PARAMETERS OF FAT MASS, EXPLOSIVE STRENGHT AND SPEED. Sportski Logos. 21; 40-44.
79. Vladimir, M. Zatsiorsky., & William, J. Kraemer. (2006). Nauka i Praksa u Treningu Snage. [In Serbian]. Data Status. Beograd.