Gayrimüslim Ülkelerde Zekat: Hindistan’da Yaşayan Müslümanların Ekonomik Sıkıntıları ve Dini Yükümlülükleri

Öz

Bu araştırma, Gayrimüslim ülkelerde yaşayan Müslümanların karşılaştıkları ekonomik zorlukları Hindistan’daki Müslümanlar örneği üzerinden incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda Müslümanlar, ulusal vergi kanunlarına ve İslami şer’i ilkelere birlikte uymakta zorluklar yaşamaktadır. Ekonomik koşullar, Müslümanların dini yükümlülüklerini yerine getirmelerini zorlaştırmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda Müslüman toplulukları dezavantajlı duruma sokmaktadır. Çalışma, öncelikle İslam'ın üçüncü şartı olan zekat ibadetinin uygulanışını ve gayrimüslim toplumlarda çeşitli faktörlerin etkisiyle öneminin nasıl azaldığını analiz etmeye odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma, kıymetli madenlere (özellikle altına) yapılan yatırımların zekat yükümlülükleri nedeniyle Müslümanlar için gayrimüslimlere kıyasla daha az avantaj sağlamasının nedenini ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Ayrıca, finansal büyümeleri üzerinde makroekonomik etkiye sahip faktörler olan enflasyon ortamında şer’i uyumlu yatırım fırsatlarını belirlemede karşılaşılan zorluklar ve enflasyonun telafisi görülen banka faizini reddetmeleri de incelenmektedir. Çalışma aynı zamanda, merkezi bir düzenleyici otoritenin bulunmaması nedeniyle, zekât fonlarının dağıtımında ortaya çıkan verimsizlikleri de incelemektedir. Zekat toplanması ve tahsisi için kurumsallaşmış bir çerçeve olmadan, zekat fonunun yoksulluğun azaltılması üzerindeki potansiyel etkisi önemli ölçüde sınırlı kalmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, zekâtın etkinleştirilmesi için uyumlu kurumsal bir mekanizma kurulmasını ve böylece Müslüman olmayan benzer ülkelerde de sosyo-ekonomik koşullarda ölçülebilir iyileşmeler sağlanabileceğini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zekât
• Enflasyon
• Faiz oranı
• Vergilendirme
• Yoksulluk
• Kalkınma

Zakah in Non-Islamic Countries: Addressing Economic Struggles and Religious Commitments of Muslims in India

Öz

The research aims to examine the economic struggles faced by Muslims residing in non-Islamic countries using the case of Indian Muslims as an example. In these contexts, Muslims encounter difficulties in adhering to both national tax laws and Islamic Sharia principles. These economic conditions not only make it challenging to fulfill their religious obligations but also place the Muslim community at a disadvantage. The study primarily focuses on analyzing the treatment of the third pillar of Islam, "Zakah," and how its significance diminishes due to various factors present in non-Islamic societies. The research deeply probes the reasons why investment in precious metals (especially Gold) is comparatively less beneficial for Muslims than for non-Muslims, owing to Zakah obligations. It further explores the challenges faced by the community in identifying Sharia-compliant investment opportunities amid inflation, as well as their refusal to accept bank interest as compensation for inflation - factors that have a macroeconomic impact on their financial growth. The study also explores the inefficiencies in Zakah fund distribution caused by the absence of a centralized regulatory authority. Without an institutionalized framework for collection and allocation, the fund’s potential impact on poverty alleviation remains significantly constrained. The findings advocate for a harmonized mechanism to optimize Zakah deployment, ensuring measurable improvements in socio-economic conditions in non-Islamic countries where similar challenges persist.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zakah
• Inflation
• Interest rate
• Taxation
• Poverty
• Development

Kaynakça

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