Neurofeedback Temelli Öfke ile Başetme Uygulaması: Olgu Sunumu

Öz

Araştırmanın amacı, öfke problemi olan bir danışanın öfke ile baş etme becerilerini kazandırmada neurofeedback yöntemini etkililiği belirlemektedir. Olgu sunum yöntemiyle yapılan araştırmada öfke sorunu yaşayan 27 yaşındaki evli ve bir çocuk babası danışan, araştırmanın katılımcısıdır. Aynı zamanda danışan, psikiyatri kliniğinde herhangi bir tanıyla ilişkili olmamasına ilişkin, ruhsal gerginliğe bağlı olarak 2 yıldır tranko-buskas (ilaç) kullanmaktadır. Öfke problemi olan danışanın alpha, theta ve delta dalgalarındaki değişim oturum sürecinde izlenmiş ve bu beyin dalgalarına uygun protokolleri içeren dokuz neurofeedback oturumu düzenlenmiştir. Uygulama öncesinde danışandan alınan ölçümlerde, delta dalgası sonucunun 57.42, theta dalgası sonucunun 16.98 ve alpha dalgası sonucunun 7.25 olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, izleme amacıyla danışanla beş oturumluk psikolojik danışma süreci yürütülmüştür. Neurofeedback uygulaması sonucunda danışanın normal sınırların dışında olan delta ve theta beyin dalgasında pozitif yönlü değişimlerin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Neurofeedback yöntemiyle yapılan dokuz uygulama sonucunda danışanın delta beyin dalgası sonucunun 28.81, theta dalgası sonucunun 13.03 düzeyine indiği ve alpha dalgası sonucunun ilk ölçüme yakın 7.18 düzeyinde sabit kaldığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları ilgili alan yazındaki sonuçlar ve değerlendirmelerle tartışılmış olup, bu bağlamda araştırmacılara ve uygulamacılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neurofeedback
• beyin dalgaları
• öfke
• psikolojik danışma

Coping with Anger Using Neurofeedback: A Case Presentation

Öz

The purpose of the current study was to reveal the efficiency of neurofeedback method in helping a client with anger management problem gain coping skills. Conducted with case presentation, the participant of the study was a 27-year-old client married with one child. Prescribed after a clinical diagnosis, the client has been using Tranko-buskas (medicine) for two years due to mental disturbance. The modifications in the client’s alpha, theta and delta brainwaves were monitored throughout the nine neurofeedback sessions which included protocols appropriate to the waves. With the preliminary measurements from the client, the delta wave was 57.42, the theta wave was 16.98, and the alpha wave was 7.25. In addition, a five-session counseling programme was conducted for follow-up. After the neurofeedback practice, the delta and the theta waves which were beyond normal ranges were observed to have had positive modifications. After all the neurofeedback sessions, the client’s delta wave was 28.81, the theta wave achieved the level of 13.03 and the alpha wave remained almost steady, close to the initial measurement. The findings were discussed in accordance with the related literature and suggestions were made for researchers and practitioners.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neurofeedback
• brainwaves
• anger
• counseling

Kaynakça

1. Averill, J. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
2. Averill, J. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38, 1145–1160.
3. Coccia, C.T., & Ausman, J.I. (1987). Is a case report an anecdote? In defense of personal observations in Medicine. Surgical Neurology, 28(2), 111-3.
4. Cohen, M. X. (2017). Where does EEG come from and what does it mean? Trends Neurosci, 40, 208–18.
5. Dahlen, E. R., & Deffenbacher, J. L. (2001). Anger management. In W. J. Lyddon & J. V. Jones, Jr. (Eds.), Empirically supported cognitive therapies: Current and future applications (pp. 163–181). Springer Publishing Company.
6. Dahlen, E.R., & Martin, R.C. (2005). The experience, expression, and control of anger in perceived social support. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(2), 391- 401.
7. Dahlen, E. R., Martin, R. C., Ragan, K., & Kuhlman, M. M. (2004). Driving anger, sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and boredom proneness in the prediction of unsafe driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(2), 341-348. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.016.
8. Deffenbacher, J. L. (1993). General anger: Characteristics and clinical implications. Psicología Conductual, 1(1), 49-67.

9. Deffenbacher, J., Oetting, E., Huff, M., & Thwaites, G. (1995). Fifteen-month follow-up of social skills and cognitive-relaxation approaches to general anger reduction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 400–405
10. Doğan S, Güler, & Kelleci, M. (2001). Hastaların öfkeli davranışları karşısında hemşirelerin yaklaşımları. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 5(1), 26-32.
11. Eckhardt, C.I., & Deffenbacher, J.L. (1995). Diagnosis of anger disorders. H. Kassinove (Ed), Anger disorders: Definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
12. Greenberg, L., S., Auszra, L., & Herrmann, I. (2007). The relationship between emotional productivity, emotional arousal and outcome in experiential therapy of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 2, 57-66.
13. Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. (2007). Case formulation in emotion focused therapy. In T. D. Eells (Ed.),
14. Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (pp. 379-412). New York: Guilford Press.
15. Hammond, D. C. (2003). QEEG-guided neurofeedback in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy. 7, 25-52.
16. Hammond, D.C. (2005). Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety. Journal of Adult Development, 12(2-3), 131-137.
17. Heinrich, H., Gevensleben, H., & Strehl, U. (2007). Annotation: Neurofeedback – train your brain to train behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 3–16.
18. Heywood, C., & Beale, I. (2003) EEG biofeedback vs placebo treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A pilot study. J. Atten Disord, 7, 41–53.
19. Jang, D., & Elfenbein, H. A. (2015). Emotion, perception and expression of. International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Elsevier.
20. Köse Karaca, B., & Ateş, N. (2019). Yaygın kaygı bozukluğu ve öfke kontrol probleminde şema terapiyi kullanmak: Bir vaka üzerinden anlatım. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(2), 169-182.
21. Mennella, R., Patron, E., & Palomba, D. (2017). Frontal alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for the reduction of negative aect and anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92, 3240. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.002
22. Micoulaud-Franchi, J. A., Jeunet, C., Pelissolo, A., & Ros, T. (2021). EEG neurofeedback for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders: A blueprint for a promising brain-based therapy. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(12), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01299-9.
23. Moradi, A., Pouladia, F., Pishva, N., Rezaei, B., Torshabi, M., & Mehrjerdi, Z. (2011). Treatment of anxiety disorder with neurofeedback: Case study. World Conference on Psychology, Counselling and Guidance 25-29 May, Antalya - Türkiye
24. Scott, W., Trost, Z., Bernier, E., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2013). Anger differentially mediates the relationship between perceived injustice and chronic pain outcomes. Pain, 154, 1691-1698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.015.
25. Şahin, H. (2005). Öfke denetimi eğitiminin çocuklarda gözlenen saldırgan davranışlar üzerindeki etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 3(26), 47-61.
26. Tafrate, R. C., Kassinove, H., & Dundin, L. (2002). Anger episodes in high- and lowtrait- anger community adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(12), 1573-1590.
27. Paivio, S. C., & Nieuwenhuis, J. A. (2001). Efficacy of emotionally focused therapy for adult survivors of child abuse: A preliminary study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 115-134.
28. Peniston E.G., & Kulkosky, P.J. (1991). Alpha-theta brainwave neuro-feedback therapy for vietnam veterans with combatrelated post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Psychotherapy, 4, 47-60.
29. Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2001). In defense of case reports and case series. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(4), 330-334. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-4-200102200- 00017
30. Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Bressler, S., & Ding, M. (2008) Response preparation and inhibition: the role of the cortical sensorimotor beta rhythm. Neuroscience, 156, 238–246.