Araştırma Makalesi
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DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 117 - 136, 25.12.2025

Öz

Although energy consumption is known to be an important factor in the economic growth and development processes of nations, access to modern energy services is currently inadequate in most low-income or developing countries. "Energy poverty" refers to a situation in which individuals or households have limited access to electricity, lack access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, or do not have sufficient income to provide the energy required to meet their basic needs. In this study, the impact of energy poverty on economic growth is investigated using data for the period 2000-2020 for 13 member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). In the research based on panel data analysis processes, access to electricity and access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking were considered as indicators of energy poverty and their effects on economic growth were evaluated. The analysis findings show that access to electricity and clean fuels and technologies for cooking have a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in ECOWAS countries. Accordingly, policies to eliminate energy poverty are important for ensuring economic growth in ECOWAS countries. Increasing access to energy and using clean fuel types instead of traditional fuels are essential for sustainable growth

Kaynakça

  • Ahmadı, Z. K. (2021). Afganistan’da Enerji Yoksulluğu (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Aigheyisi, O. S. and Oligbi, B. O. (2020). Energy Poverty and Economic Development in Nigeria: Empirical Analysis. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 183-193.
  • Amin, A., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Chandio, A. A., Rasool, S. F., Luo, J. and Zaman, S. (2020). How does energy poverty affect economic development? A panel data analysis of South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(25), 31623-31635.
  • Ansari, M. A., Villanthenkodath, M. A., Akram, V. and Rath, B. N. (2023). The nexus between ecological footprint, economic growth, and energy poverty in sub-Saharan Africa: a technological threshold approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(8), 7823-7850.
  • Arellano, M. (1987). Computing Robust Standard Errors for Within-Groups Estimators, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 49(4), 431-434.
  • Baltagi, B. H. and Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR (1) disturbances. Econometric theory, 15(6), 814-823.
  • Barış, S. ve Demir, D. (2023). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Gelir Eşitsizliği Enerji Yoksulluğunun Belirleyicisi mi? Journal of Emergıng Economıes And Polıcy, 8(2), 371-384.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., and Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial Correlation and The Fixed Effects Model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549.
  • Bouzarovskı, S. (2018). Energy Poverty (Dis) Assembling Europe’s Infrastructural Divide. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.
  • Brown, M.B. and Forsythe, A.B. (1974). The Small Sample Behavior of Some Statistics Which Test the Equality of Several Means. Technometrics, (16), 129-132.
  • Castro-Cárdenas, C. and Ibarra-Yunez, A. (2023). Understanding the link between energy poverty and economic growth in Latin America. Contaduríay administración, 68(2).
  • Culver, L. (2017). Energy poverty: What You Measure Matters. In Proceedings Of The Reducing Energy Poverty With Natural Gas. Changing Political, Business And Technology Paradigms Symposium, Stanford (pp.9-10). CA, USA.
  • Çelik, H. ve Polat, M.A. (2024). The nexus economic growth and energy poverty: Evidence from D-8 countries, bmij, 12 (3), 663-673, doi: https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v12i3.2402
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel ve Ekonometrisi, Stata ve Eviews Uygulamalı, Bursa: Ekin Basın Yayın.
  • Doğanalp, N., Ozsolak, B., ve Aslan, A. (2021). The Effects of Energy Poverty on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis For BRICS Countries. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 28(36), 50167-50178.
  • Eke, E. U. (2012) Enerji Yoksullğunun Giderilmesine Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Eke, E. U. (2019) Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu. Tokat, Taşhan Kitap Yayınevi.
  • Erdoğdu, S. (2020). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu Üzerine: Türkiye’nin Enerji Görünümü. TMMOB Ankara, (17), 29-47.
  • Erdoğdu, S. (2022). Yoksulluğun Karanlık ve Soğuk Yüzü: Enerji Yoksulluğu. Elektrik Mühendisliği Dergisi, 15(471), 20-23.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service (2023). Energy poverty in the EU, Briefing, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733583/EPRS_BRI(2022)733583_EN.pdf (12.07.2025)
  • Gaye, A. (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, 18(2), 1-21.
  • Gonzalez-Eguino M. (2015). Energy poverty: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (47), 377-385.
  • Günay, S. ve Kayacan, B. (2023). Household energy poverty: The concept, Issues and Implications for Turkiye. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 41(2), 373-384.
  • Hausman J. A. and Taylor W. E. (1981). Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects, Econometrica Journal of The Econometric Society, 49(6), 1377-1398.
  • Healy J.D. and Clinch J.P. (2004). Quantifying the severity of fuel poverty, its relationship with poor housing and reasons for non-investment in energy-saving measures in Ireland. Energy Policy, 32(2), 207-220.
  • Hılls, J. (2012). Getting the Measure of Fuel Poverty: Final Report Of The Fuel Poverty Review. London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • IEA (2010). Energy poverty How to make modern energy access universal? OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023, International Energy Agency, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf (12.07.2025)
  • Isazede, Ş. (2023). Hanehalkı Enerji Yoksulluğu Sorunu Ve Ölçülmesi: Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü, İstanbul.
  • John, A. S. and Deinde, I. G. (2021). Energy Poverty, Climate Change and Economic Growth. Energy, 4(3), 98-115. Levene, H. (1960). Robust Tests for Equality of Variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics. Essays in honor of Harold Hotelling, (2), 278-292.
  • Manga, M. (2020). Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 5(2), 101-114.
  • Masud, J., Sharan, D. N., and Lohani, B., (2007). Energy for all: Addressing the energy, envirnoment, and poverty nexus in Asia. Asian Development Bank
  • Min, B., O’Keeffe, Z. P., Abidoye, B., Gaba, K. M., Monroe, T., Stewart, B. P., and Nuño, B. S. A. (2024). Lost in the dark: A survey of energy poverty from space. Joule, 8(7), 1982-1998.
  • Modı, V., Mcdade, S., Lallement, D., and Saghir, J., (2005). Energy Services for the Millennium Development Goals. WB.
  • Moulton, B.R. ve Randolph, W.C. (1989). Alternative Tests of the Error Components Model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, (57), 685-693.
  • Murtaza G. and Faridi M.Z. (2015) Causality Linkages Among Energy Poverty, Income Inequality, Income Poverty and Growth: A System Dynamic Modelling Approach. Pak Dev Rev, 54(4), 407-425.
  • Nişancı, M. (2005). Türkiye’de Elektrik Enerjisi Talebi ve Elektrik Tüketimi ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), 107-121.
  • Oğulata, R. T. (2002). Sectoral Energy Consumption in Turkey. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, (6), 471-480.
  • Olusegun, A. K., Adefunke, A. M., Usman, D. I., Daniel, A. A., Kabir, O. O., and Fiberesima, N. G. (2023). Energy Poverty And Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis From 1990–2021. Asian Journal Of Social Science And Management Technology, 5(3), 138-145.
  • Öcal, A. T. ve Arslan, T. (2022). Dünyada Enerji Yokluğuna Odaklanmak: Sorunlar ve Politikalar, İnsan & İnsan Dergisi. 9(33), 15-2.
  • Öztürk, Y. K. ve Çelik B. (2023). Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkelerde (N11) Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. (64), 47-51.
  • Poblete-Cazenave, M. and Pachauri, S. (2021). A model of energy poverty and access: Estimating household electricity demand and appliance ownership, Energy Economics. Elsevier, (98), 1-15.
  • Pye, S., Dobbins, A., Baffert, C., Brajkovġc, J., Grgurev, I., Demiglio, R., and Deane, P., (2015). Energy Poverty and Vulnerable Consumers in the Energy Sector Across the EU: Analysis of Policies and Measures. (Erişim: 03.01.2025), www.insightenergy.org. (10.08.2025)
  • Reddy, A. K. N. (2000). Energy and Social Issues. In Goldemberg, J. (Ed.), World Energy Assessment Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. New York.
  • Rehman, A. and Deyuan, Ç. (2018). Investigating The Linkage Between Economic Growth, Electricity Access, Energy Use and Population Growth Pakistan. Applied Sciences. 8(12), 2442.
  • Richardson, P. (1978). Fuel Poverty: A Study Of Fuel Poverty Among Low Income Council Tenants. Heslington, York, UK: University Of York Department Of Social Administration And Social Work CDP Unit.
  • Sadath, A. C. and Acharya, R. H. (2019). Energy Poverty and Economic Development: Household-Level Evidence From India. Energy And Building,. (183), 785-791.
  • Selçuk, I. ve Köktaş, A. (2018). AB ve Türkiye'de Enerji Yoksulluğu. Politik Ekonomik Kurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 95-108.
  • Singh, K. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2021). The Role of Energy Poverty on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Economics of Energy ve Environmental Policy, 10(1), 105-122.
  • SKA (2025). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları: 7 Erişilebilir ve Temiz Enerji https://www.kureselamaclar.org/amaclar/erisilebilir-ve-temiz-enerji/ (04.06.2025)
  • Thomson, H. and Snell, C. (2016). Definitions And Indicators Of Energy Poverty Across The Eu, In: Csiba, K., Energy Poverty Handbook. Brussels: European Union, 101-118
  • Thompson G, Bazilian M. (2014). Democratization, energy poverty, and the pursuit of symmetry. Global Pol. (2014) 5: 31-127.
  • Ullah, S., Khan, M. and Yoon, S. M. (2021). Measuring Energy Poverty and Its Impact on Economic Growth in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(19), 1096.
  • Yaman, B. (2017), Oecd Ülkelerinde İşsizliği Etkileyen Faktörler: Panel Veri Analizi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi)Marmara Üniveristesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü. İstanbul.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (4.Baskı) Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2021). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (6.Baskı) Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Vondung, F. and Thema, J. (2019). Energy Poverty in the EU – Indicators As a Base for Policy Action. 2019 Summer Study Proceedings, (pp.569-578). ECEEE.

ECOWAS ÜLKELERİNDE ENERJİ YOKSULLUĞU EKONOMİK BÜYÜMEYİ ETKİLİYOR MU?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 117 - 136, 25.12.2025

Öz

Enerji tüketiminin ulusların ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma süreçlerinde önemli bir faktör olduğu bilinmesine rağmen, günümüzde düşük gelirli veya gelişmekte olan ülkelerin çoğunda modern enerji hizmetlerine erişimin yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. “Enerji yoksulluğu” olarak adlandırılan bu durum, elektriğe erişimin sınırlı olması, yemek pişirmek için temiz yakıt ve teknolojilere ulaşamama ya da temel ihtiyaçların karşılanabilmesi için gerekli enerjiyi temin edecek yeterli gelire sahip ol(a)mama şeklinde ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, enerji yoksulluğunun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi Batı Afrika Devletleri Ekonomik Topluluğu (ECOWAS) üyesi 13 ülke özelinde 2000-2020 dönemi verileri kullanılarak araştırılmaktadır. Panel veri analiz süreçlerine dayanan araştırmada, elektriğe erişim ve yemek pişirmek için temiz yakıt ve teknolojilere erişim oranı enerji yoksulluğunun göstergesi olarak ele alınmış ve ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz bulgularında, ECOWAS ülkelerinde elektriğe erişim ve yemek pişirmek için temiz yakıt ve teknolojilere erişim ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı biçimde etkilediği görülmüştür. Buna göre, ECOWAS ülkelerinde ekonomik büyümenin sağlanması için enerji yoksulluğunu gidermeye yönelik politikalar önem arz etmektedir. Enerjiye erişimin artırılması ve geleneksel yakıtlar yerine temiz yakıt türlerinin kullanılması sürdürülebilir büyüme açısından elzemdir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmadı, Z. K. (2021). Afganistan’da Enerji Yoksulluğu (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
  • Aigheyisi, O. S. and Oligbi, B. O. (2020). Energy Poverty and Economic Development in Nigeria: Empirical Analysis. KIU Interdisciplinary Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 183-193.
  • Amin, A., Liu, Y., Yu, J., Chandio, A. A., Rasool, S. F., Luo, J. and Zaman, S. (2020). How does energy poverty affect economic development? A panel data analysis of South Asian countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(25), 31623-31635.
  • Ansari, M. A., Villanthenkodath, M. A., Akram, V. and Rath, B. N. (2023). The nexus between ecological footprint, economic growth, and energy poverty in sub-Saharan Africa: a technological threshold approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(8), 7823-7850.
  • Arellano, M. (1987). Computing Robust Standard Errors for Within-Groups Estimators, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, 49(4), 431-434.
  • Baltagi, B. H. and Wu, P. X. (1999). Unequally spaced panel data regressions with AR (1) disturbances. Econometric theory, 15(6), 814-823.
  • Barış, S. ve Demir, D. (2023). Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Gelir Eşitsizliği Enerji Yoksulluğunun Belirleyicisi mi? Journal of Emergıng Economıes And Polıcy, 8(2), 371-384.
  • Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., and Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial Correlation and The Fixed Effects Model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549.
  • Bouzarovskı, S. (2018). Energy Poverty (Dis) Assembling Europe’s Infrastructural Divide. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester.
  • Brown, M.B. and Forsythe, A.B. (1974). The Small Sample Behavior of Some Statistics Which Test the Equality of Several Means. Technometrics, (16), 129-132.
  • Castro-Cárdenas, C. and Ibarra-Yunez, A. (2023). Understanding the link between energy poverty and economic growth in Latin America. Contaduríay administración, 68(2).
  • Culver, L. (2017). Energy poverty: What You Measure Matters. In Proceedings Of The Reducing Energy Poverty With Natural Gas. Changing Political, Business And Technology Paradigms Symposium, Stanford (pp.9-10). CA, USA.
  • Çelik, H. ve Polat, M.A. (2024). The nexus economic growth and energy poverty: Evidence from D-8 countries, bmij, 12 (3), 663-673, doi: https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v12i3.2402
  • Çınar, M. (2021). Panel ve Ekonometrisi, Stata ve Eviews Uygulamalı, Bursa: Ekin Basın Yayın.
  • Doğanalp, N., Ozsolak, B., ve Aslan, A. (2021). The Effects of Energy Poverty on Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis For BRICS Countries. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 28(36), 50167-50178.
  • Eke, E. U. (2012) Enerji Yoksullğunun Giderilmesine Yönelik Sosyal Politikalar (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Eke, E. U. (2019) Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu. Tokat, Taşhan Kitap Yayınevi.
  • Erdoğdu, S. (2020). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Enerji Yoksulluğu Üzerine: Türkiye’nin Enerji Görünümü. TMMOB Ankara, (17), 29-47.
  • Erdoğdu, S. (2022). Yoksulluğun Karanlık ve Soğuk Yüzü: Enerji Yoksulluğu. Elektrik Mühendisliği Dergisi, 15(471), 20-23.
  • European Parliamentary Research Service (2023). Energy poverty in the EU, Briefing, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/733583/EPRS_BRI(2022)733583_EN.pdf (12.07.2025)
  • Gaye, A. (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. Human Development Report Office Occasional Paper, 18(2), 1-21.
  • Gonzalez-Eguino M. (2015). Energy poverty: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (47), 377-385.
  • Günay, S. ve Kayacan, B. (2023). Household energy poverty: The concept, Issues and Implications for Turkiye. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 41(2), 373-384.
  • Hausman J. A. and Taylor W. E. (1981). Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effects, Econometrica Journal of The Econometric Society, 49(6), 1377-1398.
  • Healy J.D. and Clinch J.P. (2004). Quantifying the severity of fuel poverty, its relationship with poor housing and reasons for non-investment in energy-saving measures in Ireland. Energy Policy, 32(2), 207-220.
  • Hılls, J. (2012). Getting the Measure of Fuel Poverty: Final Report Of The Fuel Poverty Review. London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • IEA (2010). Energy poverty How to make modern energy access universal? OECD/IEA.
  • IEA. (2023). World Energy Outlook 2023, International Energy Agency, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ede39e-4436-42d7-ba2a-edf61467e070/WorldEnergyOutlook2023.pdf (12.07.2025)
  • Isazede, Ş. (2023). Hanehalkı Enerji Yoksulluğu Sorunu Ve Ölçülmesi: Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü, İstanbul.
  • John, A. S. and Deinde, I. G. (2021). Energy Poverty, Climate Change and Economic Growth. Energy, 4(3), 98-115. Levene, H. (1960). Robust Tests for Equality of Variances. In Contributions to Probability and Statistics. Essays in honor of Harold Hotelling, (2), 278-292.
  • Manga, M. (2020). Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 5(2), 101-114.
  • Masud, J., Sharan, D. N., and Lohani, B., (2007). Energy for all: Addressing the energy, envirnoment, and poverty nexus in Asia. Asian Development Bank
  • Min, B., O’Keeffe, Z. P., Abidoye, B., Gaba, K. M., Monroe, T., Stewart, B. P., and Nuño, B. S. A. (2024). Lost in the dark: A survey of energy poverty from space. Joule, 8(7), 1982-1998.
  • Modı, V., Mcdade, S., Lallement, D., and Saghir, J., (2005). Energy Services for the Millennium Development Goals. WB.
  • Moulton, B.R. ve Randolph, W.C. (1989). Alternative Tests of the Error Components Model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, (57), 685-693.
  • Murtaza G. and Faridi M.Z. (2015) Causality Linkages Among Energy Poverty, Income Inequality, Income Poverty and Growth: A System Dynamic Modelling Approach. Pak Dev Rev, 54(4), 407-425.
  • Nişancı, M. (2005). Türkiye’de Elektrik Enerjisi Talebi ve Elektrik Tüketimi ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(9), 107-121.
  • Oğulata, R. T. (2002). Sectoral Energy Consumption in Turkey. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, (6), 471-480.
  • Olusegun, A. K., Adefunke, A. M., Usman, D. I., Daniel, A. A., Kabir, O. O., and Fiberesima, N. G. (2023). Energy Poverty And Economic Growth in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis From 1990–2021. Asian Journal Of Social Science And Management Technology, 5(3), 138-145.
  • Öcal, A. T. ve Arslan, T. (2022). Dünyada Enerji Yokluğuna Odaklanmak: Sorunlar ve Politikalar, İnsan & İnsan Dergisi. 9(33), 15-2.
  • Öztürk, Y. K. ve Çelik B. (2023). Yeni Sanayileşen Ülkelerde (N11) Enerji Yoksulluğu ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. (64), 47-51.
  • Poblete-Cazenave, M. and Pachauri, S. (2021). A model of energy poverty and access: Estimating household electricity demand and appliance ownership, Energy Economics. Elsevier, (98), 1-15.
  • Pye, S., Dobbins, A., Baffert, C., Brajkovġc, J., Grgurev, I., Demiglio, R., and Deane, P., (2015). Energy Poverty and Vulnerable Consumers in the Energy Sector Across the EU: Analysis of Policies and Measures. (Erişim: 03.01.2025), www.insightenergy.org. (10.08.2025)
  • Reddy, A. K. N. (2000). Energy and Social Issues. In Goldemberg, J. (Ed.), World Energy Assessment Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. New York.
  • Rehman, A. and Deyuan, Ç. (2018). Investigating The Linkage Between Economic Growth, Electricity Access, Energy Use and Population Growth Pakistan. Applied Sciences. 8(12), 2442.
  • Richardson, P. (1978). Fuel Poverty: A Study Of Fuel Poverty Among Low Income Council Tenants. Heslington, York, UK: University Of York Department Of Social Administration And Social Work CDP Unit.
  • Sadath, A. C. and Acharya, R. H. (2019). Energy Poverty and Economic Development: Household-Level Evidence From India. Energy And Building,. (183), 785-791.
  • Selçuk, I. ve Köktaş, A. (2018). AB ve Türkiye'de Enerji Yoksulluğu. Politik Ekonomik Kurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 95-108.
  • Singh, K. ve Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2021). The Role of Energy Poverty on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Economics of Energy ve Environmental Policy, 10(1), 105-122.
  • SKA (2025). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları: 7 Erişilebilir ve Temiz Enerji https://www.kureselamaclar.org/amaclar/erisilebilir-ve-temiz-enerji/ (04.06.2025)
  • Thomson, H. and Snell, C. (2016). Definitions And Indicators Of Energy Poverty Across The Eu, In: Csiba, K., Energy Poverty Handbook. Brussels: European Union, 101-118
  • Thompson G, Bazilian M. (2014). Democratization, energy poverty, and the pursuit of symmetry. Global Pol. (2014) 5: 31-127.
  • Ullah, S., Khan, M. and Yoon, S. M. (2021). Measuring Energy Poverty and Its Impact on Economic Growth in Pakistan. Sustainability, 13(19), 1096.
  • Yaman, B. (2017), Oecd Ülkelerinde İşsizliği Etkileyen Faktörler: Panel Veri Analizi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi)Marmara Üniveristesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstütüsü. İstanbul.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (4.Baskı) Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2021). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi (6.Baskı) Beta Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Vondung, F. and Thema, J. (2019). Energy Poverty in the EU – Indicators As a Base for Policy Action. 2019 Summer Study Proceedings, (pp.569-578). ECEEE.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Büyüme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Serap Barış 0000-0003-3905-4746

Zehra Nur Erden 0009-0009-1123-1924

Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Barış, S., & Erden, Z. N. (2025). DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES? Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 13(2), 117-136.
AMA Barış S, Erden ZN. DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES? Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives. Aralık 2025;13(2):117-136.
Chicago Barış, Serap, ve Zehra Nur Erden. “DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES?”. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives 13, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 117-36.
EndNote Barış S, Erden ZN (01 Aralık 2025) DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES? Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives 13 2 117–136.
IEEE S. Barış ve Z. N. Erden, “DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES?”, Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, c. 13, sy. 2, ss. 117–136, 2025.
ISNAD Barış, Serap - Erden, Zehra Nur. “DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES?”. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives 13/2 (Aralık2025), 117-136.
JAMA Barış S, Erden ZN. DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES? Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives. 2025;13:117–136.
MLA Barış, Serap ve Zehra Nur Erden. “DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES?”. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, c. 13, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 117-36.
Vancouver Barış S, Erden ZN. DOES ENERGY POVERTY AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES? Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives. 2025;13(2):117-36.