Öz
İktisat biliminin metodolojisi
başlangıçta başka bilim dallarından oldukça etkilenmiş, ancak daha sonra kendi
içine kapanmış ve farklı bilim dallarıyla teması sınırlı olmuştur. Bir bilim
dalında ilerlemeyi sağlayan önemli unsurlardan biri de diğer bilim dallarından
elde ettikleri kazanımlar olmaktadır. İktisat bilimi sosyal bilimlerin tüm
alanlarının yanı sıra fizik, tıp ve psikoloji ile de işbirliği yapmak
zorundadır. Bu nedenle bilim adamlarının farklı disiplinlerdeki gelişmeleri ve
bilgi birikimlerini kendi alanlarında daha çok kullanmaları gerekmektedir. Bu
çerçevede alanımızla ilgili olarak, yerleşik iktisadın diğer bilim dalları ile
ilişkilerinin yeterli olmadığını söyleyebiliriz. Yeni ekonomik faaliyetleri
anlayabilmek ve buna ilişkin iktisat politikaları geliştirebilmek için
öncelikle, elimizdekileri eleştirel bakış açısıyla değerlendirmek
gerekmektedir. Sorun yerleşik iktisat anlayışı olan neo klasik iktisadın temel
varsayımlarını dahi tekrar gözden geçirmeyi gündeme getirecek kadar önemli hale
gelmiştir. Bu varsayımların en başında da rasyonel insan (homoeconomicus)
modeli gelmektedir. İktisadı, rasyonel davranış varsayımlarının belirlediği
bir yapı içinde düşünmek, insan davranışları üzerindeki rasyonel olmayan
öğelerin göz ardı edilmesine neden olmaktadır. Freud’a göre, akla uygun ve
bilinçli davranışlarımız tüm genel davranışlarımızın küçük bir bölümünü
oluşturuyor. İnsanı bir bütün halinde değerlendiremezsek onu kavramımız da
mümkün değil. Bunun için bilinç dışı (illa akıl dışı olması gerekmez)
davranışlarımızın da irdelenmesi gerekir. Çalışmadaki
metodumuz, yerleşik iktisadın metodunun ve temelde rasyonel insan varsayımının
eksik yanlarını anlamaya çalışarak, iktisat politikalarına etkilerini
vurgulamaktır. Bu amaçla yerleşik iktisadın rasyonel insan varsayımını
sorgularken Kurumcu İktisattan, Davranış Ekonomisi bilim dalından, fizik, tıp
ve psikolojinin kavramlarından oldukça faydalanıyoruz.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Homo economicus Rasyonalite iktisat Metodolojisi Nöroekonomi Psikoloji Davranışsal İktisat.
Kaynakça
- Acar, G. T. (2008), Changing Economics: A Critical Approach to the Neo-classical Economics, 1st Edition, İletişim Press Akerlof, G. A. and Shiller, R.J., (2010), Animal Spirits, translated by Neşenur Domaniç and Levent Konyar, Scala Publishing Avery, S. (2004), How To Heal With Color, translated by Tuğrul Ökten, Arıtan Publishing, Beck, U. (1992), Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage Publications Capra, F. ( 1992), The Turning Point, translated by Mustafa Armağan, 2. edition, İnsan Publishing Corsini, R. J. and Wedding D. (2012), Modern Psychotherapies, Kaknüs Publishing Engel, G. L. (1977), “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine”, Science, New Series, Vol. 196, No. 4286., (Apr. 8, 1977), pp. 129-136. Gorz, A. (2007), Critique of Economic Reason, translated by Işık Ergüden, Ayrıntı Publishing, 2. Edition. Güleç, C. (2004), “Homo economicus, Psychiatry, Economics and Beyond”, İktisat Dergisi, Interview, Vol. 453, September 2004, pp. 3-10. Hirshleifer, J. J. and Zak, P. J. (2004),‘’The Bioeconomics of Social Behavior: Introduction’’, Journal of Bioeconomics, 6(1), 1-2. Hodgson, G. M. (1994), “The Return of Institutional Economics”. N.J. Smelser ve R. Swedberg, The Handbook of Economic Sociology, Princeton University Pres, pp. 58-76. Kahneman, D. and Tversky A. (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk” Econometrica, vol.47, no.2, pp.263-291. Kaymakçı, Ö. B. (2013), Methodology of Economics in the Light of Philosophy of Science, Ötüken Publishing Kazgan, G. (2004), “Economics without Alternative with Alternative Medicine”, www.ekonomistler.com/makale, accessed: 20.03.2004. Keyder, Ç. (1993), The Bankruptcy of National Developmentalism, Metis Publishing Kreps, D. (1990), A Course in Microeconomic Theory, Princeton University Pres Kuhn, T. S. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press Küçükömer, İ. (1965), About Principles of Economics, Istanbul University Publishing Lange, O. (1967), The Principle of Economic Rationality, translated by Muvaffak Şeref, Ataç Publishing Lipsey, R. (1967), Introduction to Positive Economics, Weidenfel and Nicolson Mirowski, P. (1989), More Heat Than Light: Economics as Social Physics: Physics as Nature’s Economics, Cambridge University Pres Mousavi, S. and Garrison J. (2003), ‘’Toward a Transactional Theory of Decision Making: Creative Rationality as Functional Coordination in Context” Journal of Economic Methodology, vol.10, pp 131-156. Neumann, J. V. and Morgenstern O. (1944), The Theory of Game and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Pres Oksay, R. (2003), “The Role of Trust and Reliability in Individual and Social Relationships”, Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik Journal, Issue 844, 24 May 2003. OSHO (2010), Revolution, translated by Işıl Ölmez, Istanbul:Butik Publishing, Park, J. W. and Zak, P. J. (2007) “Neuroeconomics Studies”, Analyze and Critic 29, 47-59 Radikal Gazetesi, 13/10/2002. Sarfati, M. (2001), ‘’Discussion on Economics’’, İktisat Dergisi, vol. 415, July 2001. Schultz, D. P. and Schultz, S. E. (2007), History of Modern Psychology, Kaknüs Publishing Shubik, M. (1967), ‘’Information, Rationality, and Free Choice in a Future Democratic Society’’, Journal of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol: 96, No: 3, Summer 1967, pp. 771-778. Simon, H. A. (1957), Models of Man: Social and Rational, Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting, Wiley Touraine, A. (2002), “From Understanding Society to Discovering the Subject’’, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 2, No: 4, pp. 387-398. Twomey, P. (1998), “Reviving Veblenian Economic Pyschology”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22, pp. 433-448. Voight, S. and Engerer H (1999), “Institutions and Transition: Possible Policy İmplications of the New İnstitutional Economics’’, SSRN Working Paper, pp. 127-184. Wallerstein, I. (1996), “Historical Capitalism, translated by Necmiye Alpay, second edition, Metis Walras, L. (1965), Correspondence of Leon Walras and Related Papers, Ed. W. Jaffe, Vol II Weisskopf, W. A. (1996), Alienation and Economics, translated by Çağatay Koç, Anahtar Kitabevi Publishing Zak, P. J. (2004), “Neuroeconomics”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biology), 359(1451), 1737-1748.
Öz
Methodology of the economics had
been under the effects of other disciplines but later it has become reserved, and
its contact to various disciplines has stayed more limited. One of the key factors for a discipline’s progress
is that the gains acquired from other disciplines. Economics should cooperate
with not only with all kinds of social sciences, but also with other disciplines
such as physics, medicine and psychology. For that reason, scientists should
apply the developments in different disciplines to their research areas. In
this context, it can be said that the relationship that exists between the mainstream
economics and other disciplines are not sufficient enough (Kaymakçı, 2013:174). In order to understand the
new economic activities and to develop economic policies related to them, a critical
evaluation of what we have is essential. This issue has become important enough
to reconsider the basic assumptions of the neoclassical economics. Rational
Human (homo economicus) Model becomes one of the most prominent assumptions of the
neoclassical economics. The consideration of the economics as in a structure,
which is determined by assumptions of the rational behavior, causes to the fact
that the effects of irrational factors to human behaviors are ignored (Sarfati, 2001:10). According to Freud, our reasonable and conscious
behaviors constitute a small part of all our general behavior. If we do not
evaluate human as a whole it is not possible to comprehend them. For this, our
unconscious behaviors (not necessarily irrational) should be examined3.
The methodology of this study is to highlight weaknesses of the methodology of
the mainstream economics and mainly of the rational human assumption. For this
purpose we benefit from Institutional Economics, Behavioral Economics, physics
and psychology, while we question the rational human assumption.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Homo Economicus Economic Methodology Neuroeconomics Psychology Behavioral Finance
Kaynakça
- Acar, G. T. (2008), Changing Economics: A Critical Approach to the Neo-classical Economics, 1st Edition, İletişim Press Akerlof, G. A. and Shiller, R.J., (2010), Animal Spirits, translated by Neşenur Domaniç and Levent Konyar, Scala Publishing Avery, S. (2004), How To Heal With Color, translated by Tuğrul Ökten, Arıtan Publishing, Beck, U. (1992), Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage Publications Capra, F. ( 1992), The Turning Point, translated by Mustafa Armağan, 2. edition, İnsan Publishing Corsini, R. J. and Wedding D. (2012), Modern Psychotherapies, Kaknüs Publishing Engel, G. L. (1977), “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine”, Science, New Series, Vol. 196, No. 4286., (Apr. 8, 1977), pp. 129-136. Gorz, A. (2007), Critique of Economic Reason, translated by Işık Ergüden, Ayrıntı Publishing, 2. Edition. Güleç, C. (2004), “Homo economicus, Psychiatry, Economics and Beyond”, İktisat Dergisi, Interview, Vol. 453, September 2004, pp. 3-10. Hirshleifer, J. J. and Zak, P. J. (2004),‘’The Bioeconomics of Social Behavior: Introduction’’, Journal of Bioeconomics, 6(1), 1-2. Hodgson, G. M. (1994), “The Return of Institutional Economics”. N.J. Smelser ve R. Swedberg, The Handbook of Economic Sociology, Princeton University Pres, pp. 58-76. Kahneman, D. and Tversky A. (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk” Econometrica, vol.47, no.2, pp.263-291. Kaymakçı, Ö. B. (2013), Methodology of Economics in the Light of Philosophy of Science, Ötüken Publishing Kazgan, G. (2004), “Economics without Alternative with Alternative Medicine”, www.ekonomistler.com/makale, accessed: 20.03.2004. Keyder, Ç. (1993), The Bankruptcy of National Developmentalism, Metis Publishing Kreps, D. (1990), A Course in Microeconomic Theory, Princeton University Pres Kuhn, T. S. (1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press Küçükömer, İ. (1965), About Principles of Economics, Istanbul University Publishing Lange, O. (1967), The Principle of Economic Rationality, translated by Muvaffak Şeref, Ataç Publishing Lipsey, R. (1967), Introduction to Positive Economics, Weidenfel and Nicolson Mirowski, P. (1989), More Heat Than Light: Economics as Social Physics: Physics as Nature’s Economics, Cambridge University Pres Mousavi, S. and Garrison J. (2003), ‘’Toward a Transactional Theory of Decision Making: Creative Rationality as Functional Coordination in Context” Journal of Economic Methodology, vol.10, pp 131-156. Neumann, J. V. and Morgenstern O. (1944), The Theory of Game and Economic Behavior, Princeton University Pres Oksay, R. (2003), “The Role of Trust and Reliability in Individual and Social Relationships”, Cumhuriyet Bilim Teknik Journal, Issue 844, 24 May 2003. OSHO (2010), Revolution, translated by Işıl Ölmez, Istanbul:Butik Publishing, Park, J. W. and Zak, P. J. (2007) “Neuroeconomics Studies”, Analyze and Critic 29, 47-59 Radikal Gazetesi, 13/10/2002. Sarfati, M. (2001), ‘’Discussion on Economics’’, İktisat Dergisi, vol. 415, July 2001. Schultz, D. P. and Schultz, S. E. (2007), History of Modern Psychology, Kaknüs Publishing Shubik, M. (1967), ‘’Information, Rationality, and Free Choice in a Future Democratic Society’’, Journal of The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol: 96, No: 3, Summer 1967, pp. 771-778. Simon, H. A. (1957), Models of Man: Social and Rational, Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting, Wiley Touraine, A. (2002), “From Understanding Society to Discovering the Subject’’, Anthropological Theory, Vol. 2, No: 4, pp. 387-398. Twomey, P. (1998), “Reviving Veblenian Economic Pyschology”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22, pp. 433-448. Voight, S. and Engerer H (1999), “Institutions and Transition: Possible Policy İmplications of the New İnstitutional Economics’’, SSRN Working Paper, pp. 127-184. Wallerstein, I. (1996), “Historical Capitalism, translated by Necmiye Alpay, second edition, Metis Walras, L. (1965), Correspondence of Leon Walras and Related Papers, Ed. W. Jaffe, Vol II Weisskopf, W. A. (1996), Alienation and Economics, translated by Çağatay Koç, Anahtar Kitabevi Publishing Zak, P. J. (2004), “Neuroeconomics”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biology), 359(1451), 1737-1748.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ekonomi |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 7 Aralık 2018 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Kasım 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 |
