The Effect of Seed Priming Applications on Germination Parameters of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Öz

This study aimed to determine the effects of silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) seed priming applications on the germination parameters of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The study was carried out in Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Laboratory, under controlled conditions at 24±1 °C. The plant material of the study was Rajan red clover (T. pratense L.) cultivar. The laboratory study was carried out in Petri dishes according to the randomized plots trial design with 4 replications. The subject of the study consists of hydropriming application with 2 mM, 4 mM, and 6 mM priming doses of Si and 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, and 1.5 mM priming doses of SA. The study also included the non-priming application as a control subject. The germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, coefficient of uniformity of germination, and germination energy properties were examined in terms of the effect on germination development in different priming applications applied to red clover. Significant differences were found between the priming applications in terms of all germination parameters examined. It is thought that early germination, more uniform germination, and higher germination rate can be achieved with priming applications in plants with germination problems such as red clover. In this respect, 2 mM Si priming application can be recommended.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Red clover
• silicon
• salicylic acid
• seed priming
• germination index
• germination energy

Kaynakça

1. Abro SA, Qureshi R, Soomro MF, Mirbahar AA, Jakhar GS, 2009. Effects of Silicon Levels on Growth and Yield of Wheat in Silty Loam Soil. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 41: 1385-1390.
2. Açıkbaş S, Özyazıcı MA, 2021. The Effects of Silicon Priming Application on Germination in Common Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.). 3rd International African Conference on Current Studies, 27-28 February 2021, Abomey-Calavi, Benin, s. 404-412. (In Turkish).
3. Açıkgöz N, Açıkgöz N, 2001. Common Mistakes in The Statistical Analyzes of Agricultural Experiments I. Single Factorials. ANADOLU Journal of the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, 11 (1): 135-147. (In Turkish).
4. Afzal I, Basra SM, Farooq M, Nawaz A, 2006. Alleviation of Salinity Stress in Spring Wheat by Hormonal Priming With ABA, Salicylic Acid and Ascorbic Acid. International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology, 8 (1): 23-28.
5. Ajouri A, Haben A, Becker M, 2004. Seed Priming Enhances Germination and Seedling Growth of Barley Under Conditions of P and Zn Deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167: 630-636.
6. Al-Aghabary K, Zhu Z, Shi Q, 2004. Influence of Silicon Supply on Chlorophyll Content, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in Tomato Plants Under Salt Stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 27 (12): 2101-2115.
7. Amdahl H, Aamlid TS, Marum P, Ergon Å, Alsheikh M, Rognli OA, 2017. Seed Yield Components in Single Plants of Diverse Scandinavian Tetraploid Red Clover Populations (Trifolium pratense L.). Crop Science, 57 (1): 108-117.
8. Anaya F, Fghire R, Wahbi S, Loutfi K, 2018. Influence of Salicylic Acid on Seed Germination of Vicia Faba L. Under Salt Stress. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17 (1): 1-8.

9. Arfan M, Athar HR, Ashraf M, 2007. Does Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid Through The Rooting Medium Modulate Growth and Photosynthetic Capacity in Two Differently Adapted Spring Wheat Cultivars Under Salt Stress? Journal of Plant Physiology, 6: 685-694.
10. Ashraf M, Foolad MR, 2007. Roles of Glycine Betaine and Proline in Improving Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59: 206-216.
11. Ayed S, Othmani A, Bouhaouel I, Rasâa N, Othmani S, Amara HS, 2021. Effect of Silicon (Si) Seed Priming on Germination and Effectiveness of Its Foliar Supplies on Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) Genotypes under Semi-Arid Environment. Silicon, 1-11.
12. Barros TC, de Mello Prado R, Roque CG, Arf MV, Vilela RG, 2019. Silicon and Salicylic Acid in The Physiology and Yield of Cotton. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42 (5): 458-465.
13. Bewely J, Black M, 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. New York.
14. Bijanzadeh E, Egan TP, 2018. Silicon Priming Benefits Germination, Ion Balance, and Root Structure in Salt-Stressed Durum Wheat (Triticum durum desf.), Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41 (20): 2560-2571.
15. Biju S, Fuentes S, Gupta D, 2017. Silicon Improves Seed Germination and Alleviates Drought Stress in Lentil Crops by Regulating Osmolytes, Hydrolytic Enzymes and Antioxidant Defense System. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 119: 250-264.
16. Boller B, Schubiger FX, Kölliker R, 2010. Red Clover. In: B. Boller, Ed., Handbook of Plant Breeding. Springer, Vol. 5. pp. 439-455, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
17. Ceritoglu M, Erman M, 2021. Effect of Silicon Priming Treatments on Germination and Some Agronomic Traits in Lentil. 3rd International African Conference on Current Studies, 27-28 February, Abomey-Calavi, Benin, pp. 436-444.
18. Ceritoğlu M, Erman M, 2020. Mitigation of Salinity Stress on Chickpea Germination by Salicylic Acid Priming. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 6 (3): 582-591.
19. Chakma R, Biswas A, Saekong P, Ullah H, Datta A, 2021. Foliar Application and Seed Priming of Salicylic Acid Affect Growth, Fruit Yield, and Quality of Grape Tomato Under Drought Stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 280: 109904.
20. Dempsey DA, Klessig DF, 2017. How Does the Multifaceted Plant Hormone Salicylic Acid Combat Disease in Plants and Are Similar Mechanisms Utilized in Humans? BMC Biology, 15: 23.
21. Desai BB, Kotecha PM, Salunkhe DK, 1997. Seeds Handbook Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage. Marcel Dekker Inc., pp. 627, New York, USA.
22. Ellis RH, Roberts EH, 1981. The Quantification of Ageing and Survival in Orthodox Seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 9: 373-409.
23. Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A, Alpaslan M, 2007. Impact of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on The Growth, Antioxidant Activity and Physiology of Carrot Plants Subjected to Combined Salinity and Boron Toxicity. Scientia Horticulturae, 113 (2): 120-128.
24. Farhangi-Abriz S, Ghassemi-Golezani K, 2016. Improving Amino Acid Composition of Soybean Under Salt Stress By Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 89: 243-248.
25. Farooq M, Aziz T, Basra SMA, Cheema MA, Rehman H, 2008. Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize Induced By Seed Priming With Salicylic Acid. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 194 (2): 161-168.
26. Farooq M, Hussain M, Nawaz A, Lee D, Alghamdi SS, Siddique KHM, 2017. Seed Priming Improves Chilling Tolerance in Chickpea By Modulating Germination Metabolism, Trehalose Accumulation and Carbon Assimilation. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 111: 274-283.
27. Ghafoor MF, Ali Q, Malik A, 2020. Effects of Salicylic Acid Priming for Salt Stress Tolerance in Wheat. Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal, 1: e024-e024.
28. Ghiyasi M, Amirnia R, Rahimi A, Özyazıcı G, 2019. The Effects of Different Methods to Break Seed Dormancy and Seed Priming on Germination and Seedling Growth of Citrullus colocynthis. EJONS International Journal on Mathematic, Engineering and Natural Sciences, 11: 21-32. (In Turkish).
29. Hameed A, Sheikh MA, Jamil A, Basra SMA, 2013. Seed Priming with Sodium Silicate Enhances Seed Germination and Seedling Growth in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Water Deficit Stress Induced By Polyethylene Glycol. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 11 (1): 19-24
30. He YL, Liu YL, Chen Q, Bian AH, 2002. Thermo-Tolerance Related to Antioxidation Induced By Salicylic Acid and Heat Hardening in Tall Fescue Seedlings. Journal Plant Physiology Molecular Biology, 28: 89-95.
31. Hubbard M, Germida J, Vujanovic V, 2012. Fungal Endophytes Improve Wheat Seed Germination Under Heat and Drought Stress. Botany, 90: 137-149.
32. Ivani R, Sanaei Nejad SH, Ghahraman B, Astaraei AR, Feizi H, 2018. Role of Bulk and Nanosized SiO2 to Overcome Salt Stress During Fenugreek Germination (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.). Plant Signaling & Behavior, 13 (7): e1044190.
33. Janmohammadi M, Sabaghnia N, Ahadnezhad A, 2015. Impact of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles on Seedling Early Growth of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Genotypes With Various Origins. Agriculture and Forestry, 61 (3): 19-33.
34. Jatana BS, Ram H, Gupta N, 2020. Application of Seed and Foliar Priming Strategies to Improve The Growth and Productivity of Late Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cereal Research Communications, 48: 383-390.
35. Johnson SE, Lauren JG, Welch RM, Duxbury JM, 2005. A Comparison of The Effects of Micronutrient Seed Priming and Soil Fertilization on The Mineral Nutrition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), Lentil (Lens culinaris), Rice (Oryza sativa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Nepal. Experimental Agriculture, 4: 427-448.
36. Kaya C, Kirnak H, Higgs D, Saltali K, 2002. Supplementary Calcium Enhances Plant Growth and Fruit Yield in Strawberry Cultivars Grown at High Salinity. Scientia Horticulturae, 93: 65-74.
37. Khalaki MA, Ghorbani A, Moameri M, 2016. Effects of Silica and Silver Nanoparticles on Seed Germination Traits of Thymus kotschyanus in Laboratory Conditions. Journal of Rangeland Science, 6 (3): 221-231.
38. Khan HA, Pervez MA, Ayub CM, Ziaf K, Bilal RM, Shahid MA, Akhtar N, 2009. Hormonal Priming Alleviates Salt Stress in Hot Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Soil and Environment, 28 (2): 130-135.
39. Khodary SEA, 2004. Effect of Salicylic Acid on The Growth, Photosynthesis and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Salt-Stressed Maize Plants. Internatıonal Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 6 (1): 5-8.
40. Kim YH, Lee IJ, 2013. Influence of Plant Growth Regulator Application on Seed Germination of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Weed & Turfgrass Science, 2 (2): 152-158.
41. Kumari N, Rai PK, Bara BM, Singh I, Rai K, 2017. Effect of Halo Priming and Hormonal Priming on Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour in Maize (Zea mays L.) Seeds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6 (4): 27-30.
42. Li W, Zhang H, Zeng Y, Xiang L, Lei Z, Huang Q, Li T, Shen F, Cheng Q, 2020. A Salt Tolerance Evaluation Method for Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at the Seed Germination Stage. Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 1-9.
43. Liang Y, Chen Q, Liu Q, Zha W, 2003. Exogenous Silicon (Si) Increases Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Reduces Lipid Peroxidation in Roots of Salt-Stressed Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal Plant Physiology, 60: 1157-1164.
44. Liang Y, Zhang W, Chenc Q, Ding R, 2005. Effects of Silicon on H+-ATPase and H+-PPase Activity, Fatty Acid Composition and Fluidity of Tonoplast Vesicles From Roots of Salt-Stressed Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany, 53 (1): 29-37.
45. Ma JF, Miyake Y, Takahashi E, 2001. Silicon as A Beneficial Element for Crop Plants. Studies in Plant Science, 8:17-39.
46. Maghsoudi K, Emam Y, Ashraf M, Arvin MJ, 2019. Alleviation of Field Water Stress in Wheat Cultivars By Using Silicon and Salicylic Acid Applied Separately or in Combination. Crop and Pasture Science, 70 (1): 36-43.
47. Maiti R, Pramanik K, 2013. Vegetable Seed Priming: A Low Cost, Simple and Powerful Techniques for Farmers’ Livelihood. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 4 (4): 475-481.
48. Malhotra CCH, Kapoor R, Ganjewala D, 2016. Alleviation of Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Plants by Silicon Supplementation. Scientia, 13 (2): 59-73.
49. Meena VD, DotaniyaML, Coumar V, Rajendiran S, Kundu S, Rao AS, 2014. A Case for Silicon Fertilization to Improve Crop Yields in Tropical Soils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 84 (3): 505-518.
50. Moghaddam SS, Pourakbar L, Rahimi A, Jangjoo F, 2021. Mitigation of Salinity Effects by Salicylic Acid Priming on Germination and Physiological Characteristics of Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia L.). Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Science, 31 (1): 98-110.
51. Morris K, MacKerness SA, Page T, John CF, Murphy AM, Carr JP, Buchanan-Wollaston V, 2000. Salicylic Acid Has A Role in Regulating Gene Expression During Leaf Senescence. The Plant Journal, 23: 677-685.
52. Noreen S, Ashraf M, Akram NA, 2012. Does Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid Improve Growth and Some Key Physiological Attributes in Sunflower Plants Subjected to Salt Stress?. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 84 (2): 169-177.
53. Othmani A, Ayed S, Bezzin O, Farooq M, Ayed-Slama O, Slim-Amara H, Younes MB, 2020. Effect of Silicon Supply Methods on Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Response to Drought Stress. Silicon, 1-11.
54. Parveen N, Ashraf M, 2010. Role of Silicon in Mitigating The Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Growth and Photosynthetic Attributes of Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars Grown Hydroponically. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42: 1675-1684.
55. Przybylska A, Cwintal M, Pszczółkowski P, Sawicka B, 2021. Effect of Attractants and Micronutrient Biofortification on the Yield and Quality of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Seeds. Agronomy, 11 (1): 152.
56. Rajasekaran LR, Stiles A, Caldwell CD, 2002. Stand Establishment in Processing Carrots: Effects of Various Temperature Regimes on Germination and The Role of Salicylates in Promoting Germination at Low Temperatures. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 82 (2): 443-450.
57. Scott SJ, Jones RA, Williams WA, 1984. Review of Data Analysis Methods for Seed Germination. Crop Science, 24: 1192-1199.
58. Shakirova FM, Sakhabutdinova AR, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Fatkhutdinova DR, 2003. Changes in the Hormonal Status of Wheat Seedlings Induced By Salicylic Acid and Salinity. Plant Science, 164 (3): 317-322.
59. Shi Y, Zhang Y, Yao H, Wu J, Sun H, Gong H, 2014. Silicon Improves Seed Germination and Alleviates Oxidative Stress of Bud Seedlings in Tomato Under Water Deficit Stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 78: 27-36.
60. Simaeia M, Khavarinejada RA, Saadatmanda S, Bernardb F, Fahimia H, 2011. Interactive Effects of Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide on Soybean Plants Under NaCl Salinity. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 58 (5): 783-790.
61. Soleymani A, Shahrajabian MH, 2018. Changes in Germination and Seedling Growth of Different Cultivars of Cumin to Drought Stress. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, 1 (173): 91-100.
62. Souhail M, Chaabane R, 2009. Toxicity of The Salt and Pericarp Inhibition on The Germination of Some Atriplex Species. American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 1 (2): 43-49.
63. Stevens J, Senaratna T, Sivasithamparam K, 2006. Salicylic Acid Induces Salinity Tolerance in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Roma): associated Changes in Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Membrane Stabilization. Plant Growth Regulation, 49 (1): 77-83.
64. Sundstrom FJ, Reader RB, Edwards RL, 1987. Effect of Seed Treatment and Planting Method on Tabasco Pepper. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 112 (4): 641-644.
65. Tomić D, Stevović V, Đurović D, Stanisavljević R, Madić M, Petrović M, Lazarevıć D, Knežević J 2020. Seed Testing of Foliar-Fertilised Red Clover Crops After Various Periods of Storage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 48 (1): 284-293.
66. Wang YR, Yu L, Nan ZB, Liu YL, 2004. Vigor Tests Used to Rank Seed Lot Quality and Predict Field Emergence in Four Forage Species. Crop Sciences, 44 (2): 535-541.
67. Younesi O, Moradi A, 2014. Effect of Priming of Seeds of Medicago sativa ‘bami’ with Gibberellic Acid on Germination, Seedlings Growth and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity under Salinity Stress. Journal of Horticultural Research, 22 (2): 167-174.
68. Zar JH, 1996. Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, p. 662, New Jersey, USA.
69. Zhang W, Xie Z, Wang L, Li M, Lang D, Zhang X, 2017. Silicon Alleviates Salt and Drought Stress of Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Seedling By Altering Antioxidant Metabolism and Osmotic Adjustment. Journal of Plant Research, 130: 611-624.
70. Zhu Y, Gong H, 2014. Beneficial Effects of Silicon on Salt and Drought Tolerance in Plants. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34 (2): 455-472.
71. Zuk-Gołaszewska K, Wanic M, Orzech K, 2019. The Role Of Catch Crops in The Field Plant Production-A Review. Journal of Elementology, 24 (2): 575-587.