Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study

Barış Demir; Hasan Said Tortop

Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study

Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument to assess Techno-Mathematical Literacy (TmL). TmL is conceptualized as an individual’s self-efficacy perception regarding their ability to integrate mathematical knowledge and reasoning processes within the contemporary technological ecosystem through the use of technological tools, mathematical communication in digital environments, and data-driven reasoning. The study was conducted within the framework of a psychometric scale development model based on Classical Test Theory. The study group consisted of 348 pre-service mathematics teachers enrolled at three different public universities in Türkiye; following the data-cleaning process, the analyses were carried out with 342 participants. As a result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), a four-factor structure consisting of 12 items was obtained, explaining 73.141% of the total variance. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results indicated that the model demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ²/df = 1.868; CFI = .952; GFI = .924; RMSEA = .071; SRMR = .059). The internal consistency coefficients, composite reliability, and average variance extracted values were found to be within acceptable limits. The results of the Fornell–Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait–Monotrait (HTMT) ratio supported the discriminant validity of the model. The findings indicate that the Techno-Mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS) is a psychometrically robust measurement instrument. The scale can be used not only in the context of teacher education but also with different samples to determine individuals’ techno-mathematical competencies in technology-supported mathematics learning environments.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Mathematics Education, Science and Mathematics Education (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Barış Demir ^*
Türkiye

Hasan Said Tortop
Macedonia

Early Pub Date

March 7, 2026

Publication Date

March 7, 2026

Submission Date

October 15, 2024

Acceptance Date

March 7, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: Advanced Online Publication

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Demir, B., & Tortop, H. S. (2026). Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study. Journal for the Mathematics Education and Teaching Practices, Advanced Online Publication, 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX

AMA

1.Demir B, Tortop HS. Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study. JMETP. 2026;(Advanced Online Publication):1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX

Chicago

Demir, Barış, and Hasan Said Tortop. 2026. “Development of the Techno-Mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A Validity and Reliability Study”. Journal for the Mathematics Education and Teaching Practices, no. Advanced Online Publication: 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX.

EndNote

Demir B, Tortop HS (March 1, 2026) Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study. Journal for the Mathematics Education and Teaching Practices Advanced Online Publication 1–12.

IEEE

[1]B. Demir and H. S. Tortop, “Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study”, JMETP, no. Advanced Online Publication, pp. 1–12, Mar. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX

ISNAD

Demir, Barış - Tortop, Hasan Said. “Development of the Techno-Mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A Validity and Reliability Study”. Journal for the Mathematics Education and Teaching Practices. Advanced Online Publication (March 1, 2026): 1-12. https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX.

JAMA

1.Demir B, Tortop HS. Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study. JMETP. 2026;:1–12.

MLA

Demir, Barış, and Hasan Said Tortop. “Development of the Techno-Mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A Validity and Reliability Study”. Journal for the Mathematics Education and Teaching Practices, no. Advanced Online Publication, Mar. 2026, pp. 1-12, https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX.

Vancouver

1.Barış Demir, Hasan Said Tortop. Development of the Techno-mathematical Literacy Scale (TmLS): A validity and reliability study. JMETP [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 1;(Advanced Online Publication):1-12. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA76AF39XX