Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Flour Mill Soil And Its Toxicity Against Culex And Aedes Larvae

Yıl 2021, , 224 - 232, 15.12.2021

Majekodunmi Racheal Adedayo Azeezat Ayodeji Uthman

https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036820

Öz

Objectives: Entomotoxic microorganisms are becoming very effective as biocontrol agents in alternative to chemical formulations. This study aimed to evaluate isolation, characterization, and determination of the larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis against Culex and Aedes larvae.
Methods: Bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from major flour mills in Ilorin metropolis. The isolates were screened biochemically to obtain B. thuringiensis, which isolated were further subjected to molecular characterization. Larva toxicity was determined against Culex and Aedes larvae using standard procedure. Four densities of bacilli load were prepared using the McFarland turbidity standard 0.5, 1, 2, and 3, and the time range was 0-48 hours.
Results: Five isolates were obtained and named BT1, BT2, BT3, BT4, and BT5. All the isolates were toxic to the larvae tested. Bacillus thuringiensis isolated appears to be more toxic to Aedes larva than Culex larva. The most effective isolate was BT5, with a more than 65 % mortality percentage. The percentage occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis among the isolates is 62.5%. Crystal (Cry) 1 and 2 protein gene occurs in 100 and 80 % of the isolates, respectively.
Conclusion: Formulations of B. thuringiensis from the isolates could serve as a form of biopesticide on mosquitoes and consequently control malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases of global health concern. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(4):225-233.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biopesticide, Larvae, Toxicity, Bacillus thuringiensis, Aedes, Culex

Kaynakça

• 1. Rajesh K, Dhanasekaran D, Tyagi BK. Mosquito Survey and Larvicidal Activity of Actinobacterial Isolates against Culex larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). J Saud Soc Agric Sci 2015; 14:116-122.
• 2. Rajendran J, Subramanian N, Velu RK. Larvicidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Cotton Rhizosphere Soil against Anopheles Mosquito Larvae (Culicidae). Asian J Pham Clin Res 2018; 11(9): 456-462.
• 3. Etim LB. In vitro evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis Larvicide Effect on Anopheles subpictus Larvae. Inter J Mosq Res 2019; 6(3): 45-49.
• 4. El-kersh TA, Ahmed AM, Al-sheikh YA, Tripet F, Ibrahim MS, Metwalli AAM. Isolation and Characterization of Native Bacillus thuringiensis Strains from Saudi Arabia with Enhanced Larvicidal Toxicity against the Mosquito Vector Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) Parasit & Vector 2016; 9:647 Doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1922-6.
• 5. Gill HK, Garg H. Pesticides: Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies. In: Soloneski S, editor. Pesticides-Toxic Aspects. New York: In Tech Open 2014;187-230.
• 6. Cuervo-Parra, JA, Cortés, TR, Ramirez-Lepe, M. Mosquito-Borne Diseases, Pesticides used for Mosquito Control, and Development of Resistance to Insecticides. In: Trdan S, editor. Insec Res New York: In Tech Open; 2016; 112-134.
• 7. Suryadi BF, Yanuwiadi B, Ardyati T, Suharjono T. Isolation of Bacillus sphaericus from Lombok Island, Indonesia, and Their Toxicity against Anopheles aconitus. Inter J Mic 2015; 854709, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/854709
• 8. Popp J, Pető K, Nagy J. Pesticide Productivity and Food Security. A review: Agro Sustain Dev 2013; 33: 243-55.
• 9. Ravensberg WJ. Commercialization of microbes: Present Situation and Future Prospects. In: Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions. Berlin: Springer 2015; 309-17.
• 10. De Maagd RA. Bacillus thuringiensis- Based Products for Insect Pest Control. Principles of Plant-Microbe Interactions. Springer Inter Switz 2015; 151(76): 185-192.
• 11. Thaphan P, Keawsompong S, Chanpaisaeng J. Isolation, Toxicity and Detection of Cry Gene in Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates in Krabi province, Thailand. Songklanakarin J Sci Techol 2008; 30(3): 597- 601.
• 12. Cheesebrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part2. Low Price Edition. Cambridge University Press, London; 2006.
• 13. Fawole MO, Oso BA. Laboratory Manual in Microbiology. Revised Edition. New Spectrum Books Publisher, Ibadan, Nigeria; 2007.
• 14. Neil L, Isolation of a Bacillus thuringiensis Strain from South African Soils and the Characterization of its Cry Gene Sequence. School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; 2006.
• 15. Dela C, Ian NB, Baustista JR, Teres FG. Isolation and Identification of Bacillus thuringiensis from Harpaphe Haydeniana and its Entomotoxic Evaluation against Aedes and Culex Larvae. Int. Res. J Bio Sci 2015; 4(3): 1-5.
• 16. Abarshi MM, Mohammed IU, Wasswa P, et al. Optimization of Diagnostic RT-PCR Protocols and Sampling Procedures for the Reliable and Cost-Effective Detection of Cassava Brown Streak Virus. J Virol Meth 2010; 163(38): 353-359.
• 17. Aramideh S, Shahram M, Abbas H, et al. Isolation, Toxicity and Detection of Crystal Genes of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates from West- Azerbaijan Province, Iran. J Ento and Zoo Stud 2016; 4(6): 111-116.
• 18. Ntuli V, Mekibib SB, Molabatsi N, Makotobo M, Chatanga P, Asita OA. Microbial and Physiological Characteristics of Maize and Wheat Flour from a Milling Company, Lesotho. Inter J Food Safet 2013; 15(1): 11-19.
• 19. Lee DH, Cha IH, Woo DS, Ohba M. Microbial Ecology of Bacillus thuringiensis: Fecal Populations Recovered from Wildlife in Korea. Can J Mic 2003; 49(8): 465-471.
• 20. Ibarra JE, De Rincón C, Ordúz S, et al. Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains from Latin America with Insecticidal Activity against Different Mosquito Species. Appl Envi Mic 2003; 69(9): 5269-5274.
• 21. Joelma S, Valéria CS, Eleilza L, Ricardo AP, Wanderli PT. Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from the State of Amazonas, in Brazil, and Screening against Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae). Revi Brasil de Entom 2015; 59 (1): 1- 6.
• 22. Kassogué A, Maïga, K, Traoré D, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis (Ernst Berliner) Strains Indigenous to Agricultural Soils of Mali. Afri J Agri Res 2015; 10(28): 2748-2755.
• 23. Hongyu Z, Ziniu Y, Wangxi D. Isolation, Distribution and Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis from Warehouses in China. Crop Protection 2000; 19: 449–454.
• 24. Apaydin Z, Yenidunya AF, Harsa S, Gunes H. Isolation and Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains from Different Grain Habitats in Turkey. World J Mic and Bio 2005; 21: 285–292.
• 25. Sarrafzadeh MH. Nutritional Requirements of Bacillus thuringiensis During Different Phases of Growth, Sporulation and Germination Evaluated by Plackett-Burman Method. Iran J Chem Chem Eng Res Note 2012; 31(4).
• 26. Polanczyk RA, Silva RFP, Fiuza LM. Isolamento de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner a partir de amostras de solos esuapatogenicidade para Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Rev Bra Agro Sci 2004; 10 (7): 209-214.
• 27. Saadaoui I, Rouis S, Jaoua SA new Tunisian strain of Bacillus thuringiensis krustaki Having High Insecticidal Activity and δ-endotoxin. Arch Micro 2009; 191(142): 341-348.
• 28. Bravo A, Likitvivatanavong S, Gill, S Sober′on M. Bacillus thuringiensis: A Story of a Successful Bioinsecticide. Insect Biochem Mol Bio 2011; 41(35): 423-424.
• 29. Raymond B, Johnston PR, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Lereclus D, Crickmore N. Bacillus thuringiensis: an Important Pathogen. Trends Micro 2010; 18(5): 189-194.
• 30. Fakruddin MD, Nishat S, Monsur MA, Rasheed N. Protein Profiling of Bacillus thuringiensis Isolated from Agro- Forest Soil in Bangladesh. J Mol Bio Biotech 2012; 20(4): 139 -145.
• 31. Praça LB, Batista AC, Martins ES, et al. Estirpes de Bacillus thuringiensise fetivas contra insetos das ordens Lepidoptera.Coleoptera e Diptera. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras 2004; 39 (5): 11-16.
• 32. Mohd AFA, Oscar A, Marwan M, Rebecca JM, Michael JA, Donald HD. Introduction of Culex Toxicity into Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4Ba by Protein Engineering. Appl Environ Micro 2003; 69(9): 5343- 5353.
• 33. Eleny P, Beatriz T, Erica M, et al. Comparative Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Strains to Larvae of Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Bac Thu Res 2013; 4 (2): 8-18.