Efficacy of Histochemical Staining Techniques in the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-Rich Proteins in Blood of Children with Malaria

Yıl 2018, , 55 - 60, 20.06.2018

Mfoniso Udonkang Mokutima Eluwa Paul Inyang-etoh İmeobong Inyang Amabe Akpantah Theresa Ekanem

https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.434593

Öz

Objective: Falciparum malaria predominates in sub-Saharan Africa and children below
five years are the most vulnerable. Giemsa-stained microscopy is the gold
standard in malaria diagnosis. Diagnosis with rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit
is also common and over 80% of available malaria RDT kits is Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich
protein 2-based (Pfhrp2). However, these histidine-rich protein 2-based kits
have been observed to give false positive and negative results due to
persistent antigenemia and low parasitaemia respectively. Thus, the methods of
Pauly, Perls, and Means & Feeney were adopted to explore the advantage of
using microscopy for specific detection of these histidine-rich proteins and
their usefulness in detecting low parasitemia in children.

Methods: Children
aged 0-5 years (n=200) visiting three hospitals and private laboratories in
Calabar were recruited. Whole blood samples were tested with CareStart Malaria
HRP2-based kit, and blood films were made and stained with Giemsa, Pauly, Perls
and Means & Feeney for microscopy.

Results: The
sensitivity and specificity were Giemsa (56.4%, 79.8%), Means & Feeney
(52.5%, 77.8%), Perls (47.5%, 85.9), Pauly (45.5%, 86.9%), and RDT (23.8%, 96%).
Pauly method had the highest area under the curve of 0.830 while RDT method had
the lowest of 0.661. Among the positive cases low parasitemia detected by the
histochemical methods was Perls 36 (75%), Pauly 32 (69.6%), and Means &
Feeney 34 (64.2%), and for Giemsa method 40 (70.2%).

Conclusion: Pauly method was the most accurate. All three methods
were sensitive in detecting low parasitemia. These diagnostic methods are
useful in malaria diagnosis in this endemic population. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 8(2):55-60

Anahtar Kelimeler

Histochemical stains, Histidine-rich proteins, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Efficacy

Kaynakça

• REFERENCES 1. WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, 3rd edn. Geneva: WHO, 2015: 1-7. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241549127/en/ 2. Roberts LS, Janovy JJ. Gerald D Schmidt, Roberts LS Foundations of Parasitology. 8th edn. Boston: McGraw Hill Educational Foundation, 2009; p:147-170. 3. Kifude CM, Rajasekariah HG, Sullivan Jr DJ, et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 in blood, plasma, and serum. Clin Vac Immuno 2008; 15(6):1012-1018. 4. Mouatcho JC, Goldring JPD. Malaria rapid dignostic tests: challenges and prospects. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62(10):1491-505. 5. Marquart L, Butterworth A, McCarthy JS, Gatton ML. Modelling the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 in human malaria to better understand malaria rapid diagnostic test performance. Malaria J 2012; 11:74. 6. Baker J, Gatton ML, Peters J, Ho M-F, McCarthy JS. Transcription and expression of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich proteins in different stages and strains: implications for rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS ONE 2011; 6(7):e22593. 7. Kakkilaya BS. Malaria Pathogenesis. 2011; 1-5. Retrieved online on 20th February, 2015. 8. Lamikanra AA, Theron M, Kooij T WA, Roberts DJ. Hemozoin (malarial pigment) directly promotes apoptosis of erythroid precursors. PLoS ONE 2009; 4(12):e8446. 9. Wiser MF. Cellular and molecular biology of Plasmodium. Tulane University. 1999. Retrieved online on 20th June, 2015. http://www.tulane.edu/CellularandMolecular BiologyofPlasmodium 10. Francis U, Issac Z, Yakubu A, Enosakhare A, Felix E. Haematological parameters of malaria infected patients in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. J Hematol Thromboembo Dis 2014; 2:171. 11. Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK. The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature 2002; 415: 673-9. 12. Mwakalinga SB. Variant surface antigen expression by sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. PhD thesis, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, United Kingdom. 2012; 1-12 http://cmp.ku.dk/degreenews/phd/mwakalingasteven/thesiscover/thesis_mwakalinga.pdf 13. Rupani, AB, Amarapurkar, AD. Hepatic changes in fatal malaria: an emergency problem, Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009; 103(2):119-127. 14. Means GE, Feeney RE. Chemical modification of proteins. San Francisco: Holden-Day Incorporated 1971; 226-227. 15. Sahal D, Kannan R, Sinha A, et al. Specific and instantaneous one-step chemodetection of histidine-rich proteins by Pauly’s stain. Anal Biochem 2014; 308(2):1663-70. 16. Eze BE, Effiong J. Morphometric parameters of the Calaber River Basin:Implication for hydrologic processes. J. Geog Geol 2010; 2(1):18-26. 17. WHO. Basic malaria microscopy. Part 1, Learner’s guide, 2nd edn. Geneva: WHO, 2010; 1-83. http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9241547820/en/ 18. Pauly H. Über die Konstitution des Histidins. Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fur Physiolo Chemie 1904; 42(5-6):508-18. 19. Perls M. Nachweis von Eisonoxyde in Pigmenten. Vir Archeo Patholo Anat 1867; 39:42. 20. Rock EP, Marsh K, Saul AJ, et al. Comparative analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich proteins HRP-I, -II and HRP-III in malaria parasites of diverse origin. Parasitolo 1987; 95(2):209-27. 21. Hawkes M, Conroy AL, Opoka RO, et al. Use of a three-band HRP2/pLDH combination rapid diagnostic test increases diagnostic specificity for Falciparum malaria in Ugandan children. Malaria J 2014; 13:43. 22. Prugnolle F, Durand P, Ollomo B, et al. A fresh look at the origin of Plasmodium falciparum, the most malignant malaria agent. PLoS Path 2011; 7(2):e1001283. 23. Sahar T, Reddy KS, Bharadwaj M, et al. Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte binding-like homologue protein 2 (PfRH2) is a key adhesive molecule involved in erythrocyte invasion. PLoS ONE 2011; 6(2):e17102. 24. Gunalan K, Gao X, Yap SSL, Huang X, Preiser PR. The role of the reticulocyte-binding-like protein homologues of Plasmodium in erythrocyte sensing and invasion. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:35-44. 25. Ilombe G, Maketa V, Mavoko HM, et al. Performance of HRP2-based rapid test in children attending the health centre compared to asymptomatic children in the community. Malaria J 2014; 13:308. 26. WHO: World Health Organization. Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test Performance: summary results of WHO malaria RDT product testing: Rounds 1–3(2008–2011). Geneva: WHO, 2011. http://www2.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/005E574B-FFCD-484C-BEDEC580324AC2CF/0/RDTMalaria Rd3_Summary_FINAL11Oct.pdf 27. Hajian-Talaki K. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for medical diagnostic test evaluation. Caspian J Intern Med 2013; 4(2):627-33. 28. Fox LL, Taylor TE, Pensulo P, et al. Histidine-rich protein 2 plasma levels predict progression to cerebral malaria in Malawian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:500-503. 29. Rubach MP, Mukemba J, Florence S, et al. Plasma Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 concentrations are associated with malaria severity and mortality in Tanzanian children. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(5):e35985.