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Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?

Yıl 2021, , 1 - 7, 15.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.897134

Öz

Objectives: Multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi is a major concern in the current era of antimicrobial resistance. The emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi strains (CRST) has left very few therapeutic options for the treatment of these infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the typhoid cases diagnosed with CRST and retrospectively analyze the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella Typhi over the past three years.
Methods: Laboratory data from our hospital were reviewed for the past three years to examine the trends related to the isolation of Salmonella Typhi from blood and their antimicrobial susceptibility. The case records from the patients whose blood culture detected Ceftriaxone resistant Salmonella Typhi (CRST) were reviewed to assess the clinical condition and outcome.
Results: Analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi showed a decline in multidrug-resistant strains. Nalidixic acid resistance has remained high during this period. The resistance to ceftriaxone has shown an increase from 0% in 2016 to 11(12.6%) isolates in 2018. Also, azithromycin resistance has shown a steady increase from 0% in 2016, 3 (3.2%) in 2017 to 7 (8.5%) in 2018. There was no clustering of cases by time or space indicating a non-outbreak spread of ceftriaxone resistant strains.
Conclusion: Development of resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin necessitates revision of therapeutic choices. All this necessitates an approach to do further extensive surveillance at the community level and improvement in hygiene, sanitation, and drinking water supply. Maybe it is time to revisit the older antibiotics such as ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol as therapeutic options for uncomplicated typhoid fever. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(1):1-7.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Buckle GC, Walker CL, Black RE Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. J Glob Health 2012 2: 010401.
  • 2. John J, Van Aart CJC, Grassly NC. The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10(4): e0004616.
  • 3. Balaji V, Kapil A, Shastri J, et al. Longitudinal Typhoid Fever Trends in India from 2000 to 2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99(S3):34–40.
  • 4. Performance standards for antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M10025S.2015
  • 5. Britto CD, Wong VK, Dougan G, Pollard AJ A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018;12(10): e0006779.
  • 6. AMR surveillance network Indian Council of Medical Research 2017. Annual report Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network January 2017-December 2017. Available at https://www.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/reports/annual_report_amr_jan2017-18.pdf. ICMR 2017
  • 7. Chande C, Shrikhande S, Kapale S, Agarwal S, Fule RP. Change in antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella Typhi in central India. Indian J Med Res 2002; 115:46-8.
  • 8. Raveendran R, Datta S, Wattal C. Drug resistance in Salmonella Enterica serotype Typhi and Paratyphi A. JIMSA 2010;23(1): 21-24.
  • 9. Lugito NPH, Cucunawangsih. Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi Isolates from a General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia: A Five-Year Review. Int J Microbiol 2017, 2017:6215136.
  • 10. Zellweger RM, Basnyat B, Shrestha P, et al. (2017) A 23-year retrospective investigation of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated in a tertiary Kathmandu hospital. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(11): e0006051.
  • 11. Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, et al. Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective, community-based study. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7:781–787. 12. Chiou CS, Lauderdale TL, Phung DC, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Vietnam Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(11):6501-7.
  • 13. Alam A Pola resistensi Salmonella enterica Serotipe typhi, departemen Ilmu Kesehatan anak RSHS, Tahun 2006–2010 Sari Pediatri 2011;12(5):296–301.
  • 14. Yaxian J, Hui Z, Hua N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of Salmonella isolates from the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, China J Infect Develop Ctries 2015;9(4):333–337
  • 15. Qamar FN, Azmatullah A, Kazi AM, Khan E, Zaidi AKM A three-year review of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan J Infect Develop Ctries 2014; 8(8): 981–986.
  • 16. Bhattacharya SS, Das U, Choudhury BK. Occurrence & antibiogram of Salmonella Typhi & S. Paratyphi A isolated from Rourkela, Orissa. Indian J Med Res 2011;133: 431–433.
  • 17. Menezes GA, Harish BN, Khan MA, Goessens WH, Hays JP Antimicrobial resistance trends in blood culture positive Salmonella Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India, 2005–2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 239–245.
  • 18. Dutta S, Das S, Mitra U, et al. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence profiles and molecular subtypes of Salmonella enterica serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi A blood isolates from Kolkata, India during 2009–2013. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101347.
  • 19. Muthu G, Suresh A, Gnadesikan S, Ramesh S Studies on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates from Chennai, India. Int J Pharma Bio Sci2011; 2: 435–442.
  • 20. Jain S, Das Chugh T, 2013. Antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of Salmonella enterica in New Delhi. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013:7: 788–795.
  • 21. Manchanda V, Bhalla P, Sethi M, Sharma V K. Treatment of enteric fever in children on the basis of current trends of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi A. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006;24:101-106
  • 22. Raza S, Tamrakar R, Bhatt CP, Joshi SK. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A in a tertiary care hospital. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2012; 10: 214–217.
  • 23. Patel SR, Bharti S, Pratap CB, Nath G. Drug Resistance Pattern in the Recent Isolates of Salmonella Typhi with Special Reference to Cephalosporins and Azithromycin in the Gangetic Plain. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017;11(6): DM01-DM03.
  • 24. Chand HJ, Rijal KR, Neupane B, Sharma VK, Jha B. Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventional first line drugs in Salmonella isolates from enteric fever patients in Nepal J Infect Develop Ctries 2014;8(11): 1483–1487.
  • 25. Singhal L, Gupta PK, Kale P, Gautam V, Ray P Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi from north India (2001–2012). Indian J Med Microbiol 2014 32: 149–152.
  • 26. Kundu R, Ganguly N, GhoshTK, Yewale VN, Shah RC, Shah NK. IAP Task Force Report: Management of Enteric Fever in Children. Indian Pediatrics 2006; 43:884-887.
  • 27. Upadhyay R, Nadkar MY, Muruganathan A, et al. API Recommendations for the Management of Typhoid Fever. J Assoc Phys India; 63:77-96.
  • 28. Yousafzai MT, Qamar FN, Shakoor S et al. Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi Outbreak in Hyderabad City of Sindh, Pakistan: High Time for the Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68: S16–S21.
  • 29. Ahsan S, Rahman S. Azithromycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi in Bangladesh Microbial Drug Resis 2019;25(1):8-13.
  • 30. Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Khalid M Outbreak investigation of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and its risk factors among the general population in Hyderabad, Pakistan: a matched case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18: 1368-76.
  • 31. Chandane P, Gandhi A, Bowalekar S. Study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi in children suffering from enteric fever. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2017; 10:440-443.
  • 32. Keddy KH Smith AM Sooka A et al. The burden of typhoid fever in South Africa: the potential impact of selected interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99: 55-63.
Yıl 2021, , 1 - 7, 15.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.897134

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Buckle GC, Walker CL, Black RE Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. J Glob Health 2012 2: 010401.
  • 2. John J, Van Aart CJC, Grassly NC. The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016;10(4): e0004616.
  • 3. Balaji V, Kapil A, Shastri J, et al. Longitudinal Typhoid Fever Trends in India from 2000 to 2015. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99(S3):34–40.
  • 4. Performance standards for antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M10025S.2015
  • 5. Britto CD, Wong VK, Dougan G, Pollard AJ A systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the etiological agent of typhoid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018;12(10): e0006779.
  • 6. AMR surveillance network Indian Council of Medical Research 2017. Annual report Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network January 2017-December 2017. Available at https://www.icmr.nic.in/sites/default/files/reports/annual_report_amr_jan2017-18.pdf. ICMR 2017
  • 7. Chande C, Shrikhande S, Kapale S, Agarwal S, Fule RP. Change in antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella Typhi in central India. Indian J Med Res 2002; 115:46-8.
  • 8. Raveendran R, Datta S, Wattal C. Drug resistance in Salmonella Enterica serotype Typhi and Paratyphi A. JIMSA 2010;23(1): 21-24.
  • 9. Lugito NPH, Cucunawangsih. Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enterica Serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi Isolates from a General Hospital in Karawaci, Tangerang, Indonesia: A Five-Year Review. Int J Microbiol 2017, 2017:6215136.
  • 10. Zellweger RM, Basnyat B, Shrestha P, et al. (2017) A 23-year retrospective investigation of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi isolated in a tertiary Kathmandu hospital. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11(11): e0006051.
  • 11. Punjabi NH, Agtini MD, Ochiai RL, et al. Enteric fever burden in North Jakarta, Indonesia: a prospective, community-based study. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013; 7:781–787. 12. Chiou CS, Lauderdale TL, Phung DC, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Vietnam Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58(11):6501-7.
  • 13. Alam A Pola resistensi Salmonella enterica Serotipe typhi, departemen Ilmu Kesehatan anak RSHS, Tahun 2006–2010 Sari Pediatri 2011;12(5):296–301.
  • 14. Yaxian J, Hui Z, Hua N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of Salmonella isolates from the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, China J Infect Develop Ctries 2015;9(4):333–337
  • 15. Qamar FN, Azmatullah A, Kazi AM, Khan E, Zaidi AKM A three-year review of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi A in Pakistan J Infect Develop Ctries 2014; 8(8): 981–986.
  • 16. Bhattacharya SS, Das U, Choudhury BK. Occurrence & antibiogram of Salmonella Typhi & S. Paratyphi A isolated from Rourkela, Orissa. Indian J Med Res 2011;133: 431–433.
  • 17. Menezes GA, Harish BN, Khan MA, Goessens WH, Hays JP Antimicrobial resistance trends in blood culture positive Salmonella Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India, 2005–2009. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 239–245.
  • 18. Dutta S, Das S, Mitra U, et al. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence profiles and molecular subtypes of Salmonella enterica serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi A blood isolates from Kolkata, India during 2009–2013. PLoS One 2014; 9: e101347.
  • 19. Muthu G, Suresh A, Gnadesikan S, Ramesh S Studies on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates from Chennai, India. Int J Pharma Bio Sci2011; 2: 435–442.
  • 20. Jain S, Das Chugh T, 2013. Antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of Salmonella enterica in New Delhi. J Infect Dev Ctries 2013:7: 788–795.
  • 21. Manchanda V, Bhalla P, Sethi M, Sharma V K. Treatment of enteric fever in children on the basis of current trends of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi A. Indian J Med Microbiol 2006;24:101-106
  • 22. Raza S, Tamrakar R, Bhatt CP, Joshi SK. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A in a tertiary care hospital. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2012; 10: 214–217.
  • 23. Patel SR, Bharti S, Pratap CB, Nath G. Drug Resistance Pattern in the Recent Isolates of Salmonella Typhi with Special Reference to Cephalosporins and Azithromycin in the Gangetic Plain. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017;11(6): DM01-DM03.
  • 24. Chand HJ, Rijal KR, Neupane B, Sharma VK, Jha B. Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventional first line drugs in Salmonella isolates from enteric fever patients in Nepal J Infect Develop Ctries 2014;8(11): 1483–1487.
  • 25. Singhal L, Gupta PK, Kale P, Gautam V, Ray P Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi from north India (2001–2012). Indian J Med Microbiol 2014 32: 149–152.
  • 26. Kundu R, Ganguly N, GhoshTK, Yewale VN, Shah RC, Shah NK. IAP Task Force Report: Management of Enteric Fever in Children. Indian Pediatrics 2006; 43:884-887.
  • 27. Upadhyay R, Nadkar MY, Muruganathan A, et al. API Recommendations for the Management of Typhoid Fever. J Assoc Phys India; 63:77-96.
  • 28. Yousafzai MT, Qamar FN, Shakoor S et al. Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella Typhi Outbreak in Hyderabad City of Sindh, Pakistan: High Time for the Introduction of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 68: S16–S21.
  • 29. Ahsan S, Rahman S. Azithromycin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Salmonella enterica Serovar S. Typhi and Paratyphi in Bangladesh Microbial Drug Resis 2019;25(1):8-13.
  • 30. Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Khalid M Outbreak investigation of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and its risk factors among the general population in Hyderabad, Pakistan: a matched case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18: 1368-76.
  • 31. Chandane P, Gandhi A, Bowalekar S. Study of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella Typhi in children suffering from enteric fever. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2017; 10:440-443.
  • 32. Keddy KH Smith AM Sooka A et al. The burden of typhoid fever in South Africa: the potential impact of selected interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99: 55-63.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sonal Saxena Bu kişi benim

Ravinder Kaur Bu kişi benim

Validerjeet Singh Randhawa Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Saxena, S., Kaur, R., & Randhawa, V. S. (2021). Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11(01), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.897134
AMA Saxena S, Kaur R, Randhawa VS. Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?. J Microbil Infect Dis. Mart 2021;11(01):1-7. doi:10.5799/jmid.897134
Chicago Saxena, Sonal, Ravinder Kaur, ve Validerjeet Singh Randhawa. “Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11, sy. 01 (Mart 2021): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.897134.
EndNote Saxena S, Kaur R, Randhawa VS (01 Mart 2021) Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11 01 1–7.
IEEE S. Saxena, R. Kaur, ve V. S. Randhawa, “Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?”, J Microbil Infect Dis, c. 11, sy. 01, ss. 1–7, 2021, doi: 10.5799/jmid.897134.
ISNAD Saxena, Sonal vd. “Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11/01 (Mart 2021), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.897134.
JAMA Saxena S, Kaur R, Randhawa VS. Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2021;11:1–7.
MLA Saxena, Sonal vd. “Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, c. 11, sy. 01, 2021, ss. 1-7, doi:10.5799/jmid.897134.
Vancouver Saxena S, Kaur R, Randhawa VS. Changing Pattern of Resistance in Typhoid Fever in An Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It Time to Revisit Treatment Strategies?. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2021;11(01):1-7.