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Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 04, 209 - 216, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036772

Öz

Objectives: Objectives: Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease and can infect a wide range of human beings. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Trichomoniasis infection among infertile women in Gaza city, Palestine.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2013 to April 2014 in Al Basma medical center in Gaza city. Ethical approval was obtained from the Helsinki Committee in Gaza to conduct the study, and all participants gave consent. A total of 120 endocervical swabs were collected from females attending the center to manage delayed conception. The samples were processed using the PCR technique with Tv1-Tv2 primers in Islamic Universities laboratories. In addition, a structured questionnaire was conducted with all participants regarding socio-demographic data, risk factors, and symptomatology.
Results: The prevalence of T. vaginalis was 5.8% among the participants. There was a significant relation between infection and age of the patients, marriage age, the number of previous vaginal infections, and inguinal erythema (p=0.01). A higher infection rate was found among unemployed, low educated, mid-zone residents, and live in crowded houses, and married women with smoker husbands.
Conclusion: We concluded that the prevalence of Trichomoniasis is attributed to iatrogenic causes mainly not to personal hygiene. We recommend more hygienic measures inspection in Gynecology clinics in the Gaza Strip. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 11(4):209-217.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Garber GE. The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005; 16: 35-38.
  • 2. World Health Organization. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections –2008, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 2012.
  • 3. Workowski KA. Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55: 1-94.
  • 4. Francis SC, Kent CK, Klausner JD, et al. Prevalence of rectal Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients at the San Francisco STD clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 797-800. 5. Poole DN, McClelland RS. Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 75.
  • 6. Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Alderete JF, et al. Plasma antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 939-45.
  • 7. Gram IT, Macaluso M, Churchill J, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 231-236.
  • 8. Van Der Pol B. Trichomonas vaginalis infection: the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection receives the least public health attention. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 23-25.
  • 9. Houso Y, Farraj MA, Ramlawi A, Essawi T. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Vaginal Swab Clinical Samples from Palestinian Women by Culture. ISRN Microb 2011; 872358, 4 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/872358.
  • 10. Al Hindi AI, Lubbad AM H. Trichonamas vaginalis infection among Palestinian women: Prevalence and trends during 2000-2006. Turk J Med Sci. 2006; 36: 371-375.
  • 11. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), 2007. Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Setting.
  • 12. Dwivedi S, Nuzhat Husain N, Singh R, Nancy M. 18S ribosomal DNA based assay for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in India. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012; 133-138.
  • 13. Mahafzah AM, Al-Ramahi MQ, Asa’d AM, El-Khateeb MS. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active Jordanian females. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 607–10.
  • 14. Ben Aissa-Hamzaoui R, Kouki S, Ben Hamida A, Kechrid A, Gueddana N. Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant Tunisian women and validation of a clinical algorithm proposed by WHO for the management of sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception Fertilite Sexualite 1999; 27: 785-90.
  • 15. Habib F, El-Aal A, Yamany N, et al. Feasibility of a nested PCR for the diagnosis of vaginal Trichomoniasis: Study in Al-Madinah Al-Munwarrha, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Med Sci 2009; 1: 206-210.
  • 16. Kelestemur N, Kaplan M, Ozdemir E, Erensoy A. The Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnarella vaginalis and Candida ssp. Among Infertile Men and Women with Vaginitis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2012; 18: A47-A52.
  • 17. Stemmer SM, Adelson ME, Trama JP, et al. Detection rates of Trichomonas vaginalis, in different age groups, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 352-7.
  • 18. Spinillo A, Bernuzzi AM, Cevini C, et al. The relationship of bacterial vaginosis, Candida and Trichomonas infection to symptomatic vaginitis in postmenopausal women attending a vaginitis clinic. Maturitas 1997; 27: 253-60.
  • 19. Kaestle CE, Halpern CT, Miller WC, et al. Young age at first sexual intercourse and sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 774-80.
  • 20. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Health Annual Report. 2010.
  • 21. Kahn JA, Rosenthal SL, Succop PA. Mediators of the association between age of first sexual intercourse and subsequent human papillomavirus infection. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E5.
  • 22. Goode MA, Grauer K, Gums JG. Infectious vaginitis. Selecting therapy and preventing recurrence. Postgrad Med J 1994; 96: 85-98.
  • 23. Mbizvo EM, Msuya SE, Stray-Pedersen B, et al. Determinants of reproductive tract infections among asymptomatic women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 2001; 47: 57–64.
  • 24. Fernando S, Herath S, Chaturaka Rodrigo C, et al. Improving diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in resource limited health care settings in Sri Lanka. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3: 324-328.
  • 25. Scheidell J. Independent and synergistic effects of low education and poverty on sexually transmitted infection in Haiti. American Public Health Association 142nd annual meeting and expo November 18, 2014: 2:30 PM - 2:42 PM. 26. Safi S, Elnamrouty KH. Building Logistic Regression Model to Identify Key determinants of poverty in Palestine. IUG J Nat Eng Studies 2012; 20: 85-102.
  • 27. Swartzendruber A, DiClemente RJ, Sales JM, et al. Correlates of Incident Trichomonas vaginalis Infections among African American Adolescent Females. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 41: 240–245.
  • 28. Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, et al. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 1319-26.
  • 29. Rosenberg MJ and Phillips RS. Does douching promote ascending infection?. J Reprod Med 1992; 37: 930-8.
  • 30. Sivaranjini R, Jaisankar TJ, Thappa DM, et al. Trichomoniasis: How do we diagnose in a resource poor setting?. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2013; 34: 25–31.
  • 31. Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, et al. Clinical and Microbiological Aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11: 300-317.
  • 32. Wølner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA 1989; 261: 571-6.
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 04, 209 - 216, 15.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036772

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Garber GE. The laboratory diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005; 16: 35-38.
  • 2. World Health Organization. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections –2008, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, 2012.
  • 3. Workowski KA. Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55: 1-94.
  • 4. Francis SC, Kent CK, Klausner JD, et al. Prevalence of rectal Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients at the San Francisco STD clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 797-800. 5. Poole DN, McClelland RS. Global epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 90: 75.
  • 6. Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E, Alderete JF, et al. Plasma antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and subsequent risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 939-45.
  • 7. Gram IT, Macaluso M, Churchill J, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 231-236.
  • 8. Van Der Pol B. Trichomonas vaginalis infection: the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection receives the least public health attention. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 23-25.
  • 9. Houso Y, Farraj MA, Ramlawi A, Essawi T. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in Vaginal Swab Clinical Samples from Palestinian Women by Culture. ISRN Microb 2011; 872358, 4 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/872358.
  • 10. Al Hindi AI, Lubbad AM H. Trichonamas vaginalis infection among Palestinian women: Prevalence and trends during 2000-2006. Turk J Med Sci. 2006; 36: 371-375.
  • 11. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), 2007. Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Setting.
  • 12. Dwivedi S, Nuzhat Husain N, Singh R, Nancy M. 18S ribosomal DNA based assay for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in India. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2012; 133-138.
  • 13. Mahafzah AM, Al-Ramahi MQ, Asa’d AM, El-Khateeb MS. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among sexually active Jordanian females. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35: 607–10.
  • 14. Ben Aissa-Hamzaoui R, Kouki S, Ben Hamida A, Kechrid A, Gueddana N. Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant Tunisian women and validation of a clinical algorithm proposed by WHO for the management of sexually transmitted diseases. Contraception Fertilite Sexualite 1999; 27: 785-90.
  • 15. Habib F, El-Aal A, Yamany N, et al. Feasibility of a nested PCR for the diagnosis of vaginal Trichomoniasis: Study in Al-Madinah Al-Munwarrha, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Med Sci 2009; 1: 206-210.
  • 16. Kelestemur N, Kaplan M, Ozdemir E, Erensoy A. The Frequency of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnarella vaginalis and Candida ssp. Among Infertile Men and Women with Vaginitis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2012; 18: A47-A52.
  • 17. Stemmer SM, Adelson ME, Trama JP, et al. Detection rates of Trichomonas vaginalis, in different age groups, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2012; 16: 352-7.
  • 18. Spinillo A, Bernuzzi AM, Cevini C, et al. The relationship of bacterial vaginosis, Candida and Trichomonas infection to symptomatic vaginitis in postmenopausal women attending a vaginitis clinic. Maturitas 1997; 27: 253-60.
  • 19. Kaestle CE, Halpern CT, Miller WC, et al. Young age at first sexual intercourse and sexually transmitted infections in adolescents and young adults. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 774-80.
  • 20. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). Health Annual Report. 2010.
  • 21. Kahn JA, Rosenthal SL, Succop PA. Mediators of the association between age of first sexual intercourse and subsequent human papillomavirus infection. Pediatrics 2002; 109: E5.
  • 22. Goode MA, Grauer K, Gums JG. Infectious vaginitis. Selecting therapy and preventing recurrence. Postgrad Med J 1994; 96: 85-98.
  • 23. Mbizvo EM, Msuya SE, Stray-Pedersen B, et al. Determinants of reproductive tract infections among asymptomatic women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 2001; 47: 57–64.
  • 24. Fernando S, Herath S, Chaturaka Rodrigo C, et al. Improving diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in resource limited health care settings in Sri Lanka. J Glob Infect Dis 2011; 3: 324-328.
  • 25. Scheidell J. Independent and synergistic effects of low education and poverty on sexually transmitted infection in Haiti. American Public Health Association 142nd annual meeting and expo November 18, 2014: 2:30 PM - 2:42 PM. 26. Safi S, Elnamrouty KH. Building Logistic Regression Model to Identify Key determinants of poverty in Palestine. IUG J Nat Eng Studies 2012; 20: 85-102.
  • 27. Swartzendruber A, DiClemente RJ, Sales JM, et al. Correlates of Incident Trichomonas vaginalis Infections among African American Adolescent Females. Sex Transm Infect 2014; 41: 240–245.
  • 28. Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, et al. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among reproductive-age women in the United States, 2001-2004. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 1319-26.
  • 29. Rosenberg MJ and Phillips RS. Does douching promote ascending infection?. J Reprod Med 1992; 37: 930-8.
  • 30. Sivaranjini R, Jaisankar TJ, Thappa DM, et al. Trichomoniasis: How do we diagnose in a resource poor setting?. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2013; 34: 25–31.
  • 31. Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, et al. Clinical and Microbiological Aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11: 300-317.
  • 32. Wølner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA 1989; 261: 571-6.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Amal Youseff Al Maqadma Bu kişi benim

Adnan Ibrahim Al Hindi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 04

Kaynak Göster

APA Al Maqadma, A. Y., & Al Hindi, A. I. (2021). Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 11(04), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036772
AMA Al Maqadma AY, Al Hindi AI. Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine. J Microbil Infect Dis. Aralık 2021;11(04):209-216. doi:10.5799/jmid.1036772
Chicago Al Maqadma, Amal Youseff, ve Adnan Ibrahim Al Hindi. “Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors Among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11, sy. 04 (Aralık 2021): 209-16. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036772.
EndNote Al Maqadma AY, Al Hindi AI (01 Aralık 2021) Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11 04 209–216.
IEEE A. Y. Al Maqadma ve A. I. Al Hindi, “Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine”, J Microbil Infect Dis, c. 11, sy. 04, ss. 209–216, 2021, doi: 10.5799/jmid.1036772.
ISNAD Al Maqadma, Amal Youseff - Al Hindi, Adnan Ibrahim. “Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors Among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 11/04 (Aralık 2021), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.5799/jmid.1036772.
JAMA Al Maqadma AY, Al Hindi AI. Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2021;11:209–216.
MLA Al Maqadma, Amal Youseff ve Adnan Ibrahim Al Hindi. “Trichomonas Vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors Among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine”. Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, c. 11, sy. 04, 2021, ss. 209-16, doi:10.5799/jmid.1036772.
Vancouver Al Maqadma AY, Al Hindi AI. Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Risk Factors among Infertile Women in Gaza, Palestine. J Microbil Infect Dis. 2021;11(04):209-16.