FFF ile Üretilen PLA ve ABS'nin Baskı Parametrelerinin Optimizasyonu

Öz

Bu çalışmada FFF ile katmanlı imalatta en çok kullanılan malzeme türleri olan PLA ve ABS numunelerinin, doluluk oranı ve baskı hızına bağlı olarak, çekme dayanımlarındaki değişim araştırıldı. Çekme numuneleri farklı doluluk oranları ve farklı hızlar için üretildi ve çekme testleri yapıldı. Doluluk oranı artışı çekme dayanımını arttırmaktadır. Printing hızının çok arttırılması veya çok azaltılması ise çekme dayanımını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ayrıca harcanan filament miktarları ve üretim süreleri de hesaplandı. Elde edilen verilerle yüzey yanıt yöntemi kullanılarak bir optimizasyon modeli oluşturuldu. Oluşturulan optimizasyon modeli her bir malzeme türü için ile yüksek çekme dayanımının, düşük üretim süresi ve harcanan filamentin olduğu baskı koşulları belirlendi. PLA için optimum parametreler %66.77 doluluk oranı, %78.43 baskı hızı koşullarında elde edilmektedir. ABS için ise optimum değerler; %79.5 doluluk oranı, %135 baskı hızı koşullarında elde edilmektedir. Sonrasında optimum koşullar için numuneler üretilerek deneyler ve hesaplamalar tekrarlandı. Model tahmini ile elde edilen nümerik sonuçlar ile deneysel sonuçlar karşılaştırıldı. Modelin çıktı parametrelerini büyük bir doğrulukla tahmin ettiği bulundu. Bu da önerilen optimizasyon modelinin doğruluğunun bir kanıtıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 3D baskı
• Çekme dayanımı
• ABS
• PLA
• Optimizasyon

Optimization of Printing Parameters of PLA and ABS Produced by FFF

Öz

In this study, the changes in tensile strength of PLA and ABS specimens, the most commonly used materials in additive manufacturing with FFF, were investigated as a function of fill rate and print speed. Tensile specimens were fabricated for different fill rates and speeds and tensile tests were performed. Increasing the fill rate increases the tensile strength. Increasing or decreasing the print speed too much has a negative effect on tensile strength. Filament usage and printing times were also calculated. With the data obtained, an optimization model was created using response surface methodology. The aim of this study is to optimize the strength/cost of ABS and PLA, the two preferred FFF materials. The novelty of the study is to investigate the strength/cost optimization for different material types in terms of UTS, filament consumption and printing speed. For each material type, high tensile strength, low printing time and low filament used conditions were determined for the optimization model. The optimum parameters for PLA are obtained at 66.77% fill level and 78.43% speed rate. For ABS, optimum values are obtained at 79.5% fill rate and 135% speed rate. Then, samples were produced for optimum conditions and experiments and calculations were repeated. The numerical results obtained with the model were compared with the experimental results. It is found that the model estimates the output parameters with high accuracy. This proves the accuracy of the proposed optimization model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 3D printing
• Tensile strength
• ABS
• PLA
• Optimization

Kaynakça

1. Alabd M. U., Temiz A., Optimization of Annealing and 3D Printing Process Parameters of PLA Parts. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 8(2), 185-201, 2024.
2. ASTM D638-14, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics, 2022.
3. Atakok G., Kam M., Koc H. B., Tensile, Three-Point Bending and Impact Strength of 3D Printed Parts Using PLA and Recycled PLA Filaments: A Statistical Investigation. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 18, 1542-1554, 2022.
4. Balasubramanian M., Saravanan R., Shanmugam V., Impact of Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties of Polylatic Acid Fabricated by Fusion Deposition Modeling. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 35(3), 2024.
5. Bayraklılar M. S., Kuncan M., Buldu A., Koçak M. T., Ülkir O., Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Samples Fabricated by Stereolithography and Fused Deposition Modelling. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 4(2), 475-491, 2023.
6. Daly M., Tarfaoui M., Chihi M., Bouraoui C., FDM Technology and the Effect of Printing Parameters on the Tensile Strength of ABS Parts. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 126(11-12), 5307-5323, 2023.
7. Darsin M., Mauludy R. R., Hardiatama I., Fachri B. A., Ramadhan M. E., Parningotan D., Analysis of The Effect 3D Printing Parameters on Tensile Strength Using Copper-PLA Filament. SINERGI 26(1), 99, 2022.
8. Dwiyati S. T., Kholil A., Riyadi R., Putra S. E., Influence of Layer Thickness and 3D Printing Direction on Tensile Properties of ABS Material. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402(6), 066014, 2019.

9. Esun, (a), Esun ABS+ Mechanical Properties. https://www.esun3d.com/abs-product/, 2024.
10. Esun, (b), Esun PLA+ Mechanical Properties. https://www.esun3d.com/tr/pla-pro-product/, 2024.
11. Esun, (c), Recommended printing parameters for Creality K1. https://www.esun3d.com/uploads/eSUN-Fast-filaments-print-parameters.pdf, 2024.
12. Fontana L., Minetola P., Iuliano L., Rifuggiato S., Khandpur M. S., Stiuso V., An Investigation of The Influence of 3D Printing Parameters on The Tensile Strength of PLA Material. Materials Today: Proceedings 57, 657-663, 2022.
13. Grasso M., Azzouz L., Ruiz-Hincapie P., Zarrelli M., Ren G., Effect of Temperature on The Mechanical Properties of 3D-printed PLA Tensile Specimens. Rapid Prototyping Journal 24(8), 1337-1346, 2018.
14. Güdür C., Türkoğlu T., Eren İ., Effect of Lattice Design and Process Parameters on the Properties of PLA, ABS AND PETG Polymers Produced by Fused Deposition Modelling. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 4(2), 561-570, 2023.
15. Guimarães A. L. A., Neto V. G., Foschini C. R., Azambuja M. dos A., Hellmeister L. A. V., Influence of ABS Print Parameters on a 3D Open-Source, Self-Replicable Printer. Rapid Prototyping Journal 26(10), 1733-1738, 2020.
16. Hikmat M., Rostam S., Ahmed Y. M., Investigation of Tensile Property-Based Taguchi Method of PLA Parts Fabricated by FDM 3D Printing Technology. Results in Engineering 11, 100264, 2021.
17. Hsueh M. H., Lai C. J., Wang S., Zeng Y., Hsieh C. H., Pan C. Y., Huang W. C., Effect of Printing Parameters on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of 3d-Printed PLA and PETG, Using Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers 13(11), 1758, 2021.
18. Karamanlı İ. A., Gök M. S., Küçük Y., Ünal O., Study of the Wear Resistance Plasma Nitrided GGG60 by Optimization of Surface Treatment Conditions Using Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Metalcasting 1-17, 2024.
19. Kaya Z., Aksoy B., Özsoy K., Eklemeli İmalat Yöntemiyle Üretilen Altı Eksenli Robot Kol ile Görüntü İşleme ve Yapay Zeka Tabanlı Ürünlerin Tasniflemesi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 4(1), 193-210, 2023.
20. Khan S. F., Zakaria H., Chong Y. L., Saad M. A. M., Basaruddin K., Effect of Infill on Tensile and Flexural Strength of 3D Printed PLA Parts. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 429(1), 012101, 2018.
21. Mishra A. K., Chavan H., Kumar A. Effect of Material Variation on The Uniaxial Compression Behavior of FDM Manufactured Polymeric TPMS Lattice Materials. Materials Today: Proceedings 46, 7752-7759, 2021.
22. Öz Ö., Öztürk F. H., Yazdırma Açısının 3B Yazıcıda Üretilen PLA Numunenin Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisinin Deneysel ve Sonlu Elemanlar Metodu ile İncelenmesi - Investigation of the Effects of Printing Angle on Mechanical Properties of PLA Specimen Fabricated with 3D P. Politeknik Dergisi 26(2), 529-540, 2023.
23. Pehlivan F., Öztürk F. H., Demir S., Temiz A., Optimization of Functionally Graded Solid-Network TPMS Meta-Biomaterials. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 157, 106609, 2024.
24. Pellejero I., Almazán F., Lafuente M., Urbiztondo M. A., Drobek M., Bechelany M., Julbe A., Gandía L. M., Functionalization of 3D Printed ABS Filters with MOF for Toxic Gas Removal. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 89, 194-203, 2020.
25. Rajpurohit S. R., Dave H. K., Analysis of Tensile Strength of a Fused Filament Fabricated PLA Part Using an Open-Source 3D Printer. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 101(5-8), 1525-1536, 2019.
26. Rifuggiato S., Minetola P., Stiuso V., Khandpur M. S., Fontana L., Iuliano L., An Investigation of The Influence of 3D Printing Defects on The Tensile Performance of ABS Material. Materials Today: Proceedings 57, 851-858, 2022.
27. Rismalia M., Hidajat S. C., Permana I. G. R., Hadisujoto B., Muslimin M., Triawan F., Infill Pattern and Density Effects on The Tensile Properties of 3D Printed PLA Material. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1402(4), 044041, 2019.
28. Samykano M., Selvamani S. K., Kadirgama K., Ngui W. K., Kanagaraj G., Sudhakar K., Mechanical Property of FDM Printed ABS: Influence of Printing Parameters. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 102(9-12), 2779-2796, 2019.
29. Singaravel B., Devaraj S., Niranjan T., Chakradhar B., Chaitanya P., Effect of Material Type and Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Specimen. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2779(1), 012077, 2024.
30. Srinivasan R., Pridhar T., Ramprasath L. S., Charan N. S., Ruban W., Prediction of Tensile Strength in FDM Printed ABS Parts Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Materials Today: Proceedings 27, 1827-1832, 2020.
31. Temiz A., (a), A Response Surface Methodology Investigation into The Optimization of Manufacturing Time and Quality for FFF 3D Printed PLA Parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal 2024.
32. Temiz A., (b), The Tensile Properties of Functionally Graded Materials in MSLA 3D Printing as a Function of Exposure Time. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, 5(1), 49–59, 2024.
33. Tichý T., Šefl O., Veselý P., Dušek K., Bušek D., Mathematical Modelling of Temperature Distribution in Selected Parts of FFF Printer during 3D Printing Process. Polymers 13(23), 4213, 2021.
34. Wang K., Lam F., Quadratic RSM Models of Processing Parameters for Three-Layer Oriented Flakeboards. Wood and Fiber Science, 173-186, 1999.
35. Wang X., Xu S., Zhou S., Xu W., Leary M., Choong P., Qian M., Brandt M., Xie Y. M., Topological Design and Additive Manufacturing of Porous Metals for Bone Scaffolds and Orthopaedic Implants: A Review. Biomaterials 83, 127-141, 2016.
36. Yao T., Deng Z., Zhang K., Li S., A method to Predict the Ultimate Tensile Strength of 3D Printing Polylactic Acid (PLA) Materials with Different Printing Orientations. Composites Part B: Engineering 163, 393-402, 2019.
37. Yao T., Ye J., Deng Z., Zhang K., Ma Y., Ouyang H. Tensile Failure Strength and Separation Angle of FDM 3D Printing PLA Material: Experimental and Theoretical Analyses. Composites Part B: Engineering 188, 107894, 2020.