Bazı Samaryum ve Gadolinyum İzotoplarının (n,2n) Reaksiyonlarında Teorik Modellerin Tesir Kesiti Hesaplamalarına Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Samaryum ve Gadolinyum elementlerinin farklı izotopları için (n,2n) reaksiyonlarının tesir kesiti hesaplamalarında denge ve denge-öncesi nükleer reaksiyon modellerinin etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Samaryum elementinin 144, 148, 150, 152 ve 154 kütle numaralı izotopları ile Gadolinyum elementinin 155, 156, 157, 158 ve 160 kütle numaralı izotopları için (n,2n) reaksiyonlarına ait tesir kesiti hesaplamalarında TALYS ve EMPIRE isimli kodlar kullanılmıştır. TALYS kodunun 1.8 versiyonun kullanıldığı hesaplamalarda İki Bileşenli Eksiton Model ve Hauser-Feshbach Model, EMPIRE kodunun 3.2 versiyonun kullanıldığı hesaplamalarda ise PCROSS Eksiton Model ve Hauser-Feshbach Model denge ve denge-öncesi etkilerin analiz edilebilmesi için seçilmiş olan modellerdir. Elde edilen hesaplama sonuçları, EXFOR veritabanından temin edilen deneysel verilerle karşılaştırılmış ve bulgular her bir reaksiyon için grafiksel olarak görselleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları bir bütün olarak değerlendirildiğinde çıktıların literatürde de mevcut olan iki durumu destekleyecek nitelikte olduğu söylenebilmektedir. Bunlardan ilki deneysel çalışmaların gerçekleştirilemediği durumlarda teorik hesaplama yöntemlerinin bilimsel araştırmalar için bir alternatif olabileceği iken diğeri ise bu tarz çalışmaların hesaplamalarda kullanılan teorik modellerin gelişimine destek sağlayabileceği öngörüsüdür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Samaryum
• Gadolinyum
• Tesir kesiti
• TALYS
• EMPIRE
• EXFOR

Investigation of the Effects of Some Samarium and Gadolinium Isotopes on Cross Section Calculations of Theoretical Models in (n,2n) Reactions

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of equilibrium and pre-equilibrium nuclear reaction models on cross-section calculations for (n,2n) reactions of different isotopes of Samarium and Gadolinium elements. In this context, cross-section calculations for (n,2n) reactions of the isotopes 144, 148, 150, 152, 154 of Samarium and 155, 156, 157, 158, 160 of Gadolinium elements were performed using the TALYS and EMPIRE codes. In the calculations performed with version 1.8 of the TALYS code, the Two-Component Exciton Model and Hauser-Feshbach Model were employed, while in the calculations using version 3.2 of the EMPIRE code, the PCROSS Exciton Model and Hauser-Feshbach Model were chosen to analyze the effects of equilibrium and pre-equilibrium mechanisms. The obtained theoretical results were examined with experimental data sourced from the EXFOR database, and the findings were visualized graphically for each reaction. When the outcomes of the study are examined as a whole, it is possible to say that the outputs support two situations that are also present in the literature. The first among them is that theoretical calculation methods can be an alternative for scientific research in situations where experimental works may not possible to be carried out, while the other is the prediction that such studies can support the development of theoretical models used in calculations.

Keywords

• Samarium
• Gadolinium
• Crosss-section
• TALYS
• EMPIRE
• EXFOR

Kaynakça

1. Ashby M. F., Smidman M., Materials for Nuclear Power Systems, Granta Material Inspiration, Version 1.1, 20 s, 2010.
2. Aydın A., Sarpün İ. H., Kaplan A., Tel E., Calculations of Double Differential Deuteron Emission Cross Sections at 62 MeV Proton Induced Reactions, Journal of Fusion Energy, 32(3), 378-381, 2013.
3. Büyükuslu H., Dispersive optical-model potential parameters for neutron scattering on 197Au up to 200 MeV, Nuclear Physics A, 1055, 123004, 2025.
4. Büyükuslu H., Parametrization study for the estimation of light particles (p, d, 3He, α) induced total reaction cross sections of target mass greater than 9 within the energy range of 10–200 MeV, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 165, 108431, 2019.
5. DOE, 2025. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory Volume 2 of 2, https://www.standards.doe.gov/standards-documents/1000/1019-bhdbk-1993-v2 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2025).
6. Herman M., Capote R., Carlson B. V., Oblozinsky P., Sin M., Trkov A., Wienke H., EMPIRE: Nuclear Reaction Model Code System for Data Evaluation, Nucl. Data Sheets, 108, 2655-2715, 2007.
7. IAEA, 1995. Advances in Control Assembly Materials for Water Reactors, IAEATECDOC-813, http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/26/077/26077302.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:20.01.2025).
8. IAEA, 1996. Absorber Materials, Control Rods and Designs of Shutdown Systems for Advanced Liquid Metal Fast Reactors, IAEATECDOC-884, http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/27/072/27072854.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:20.01.2025).

9. IAEA, 2000. Control assembly materials for water reactors: Experience, performance and perspectives, IAEATECDOC-1132, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1132_prn.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:20.01.2025).
10. IAEA, 2007. Nuclear Power Plant Design Characteristics, IAEATECDOC-1544, http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/te_1544_web.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:20.01.2025).
11. IAEA, 2025. Power Reactor Information System (PRIS), https://www.iaea.org/pris/ (Erişim Tarihi:16.01.2025). Kalcheva S., Koonen E., Optimized Control Rods of the BR2 Reactor, Open Report SCK-CEN-BLG-1054, SCK-CEN, 139s, 2007.
12. Kaplan A., Investigation of Neutron Production Cross Sections of the Structural Fusion Material 181Ta for xn Reactions up to 150 MeV Energy, Journal of Fusion Energy, 32(3), 382-388, 2013.
13. Kaplan A., Şekerci M., Çapalı V., Özdoğan H., Computations of a xn Reaction Cross Section for 107 109Ag Coated Materials with Possible Application in Accelerators and Nuclear Systems, Journal of Fusion Energy, 35(4), 715-723, 2016.
14. Kaplan A., Şekerci M., Çapalı V., Özdoğan H., Photon Induced Reaction Cross-Section Calculations of Several Structural Fusion Materials, Journal of Fusion Energy, 36(6), 213-217, 2017.
15. Kara A., Mammadzada E., Analyzing neutron emission cross sections for 22.2 MeV proton-induced reactions on 58Ni and 52Cr, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 206, 111242, 2024.
16. Kavun Y., Vashi V., Makwana R., Investigation of (d, 3n) reaction cross section using theoretical nuclear codes calculations on some nuclear materials, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 189, 110426, 2022.
17. Koning A. J, Hilaire S., Goriely S., TALYS: modeling of nuclear reactions, Eur. Phys. J. A 59, 131, 2023.
18. Koning A. J., Hilaire S., Duijvestijn M. C. TALYS-1.0: A nuclear reaction program. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, 211-214, 2007.
19. Küçüksucu S., Yiğit M., Paar N., Isotopic dependence of (n,α) reaction cross sections for Fe and Sn nuclei, Nuclear Physics A, 1041, 122779, 2024.
20. Otuka N., Dupont E., Semkova V., Pritychenko B., Blokhin A. I., Aikawa M., Babykina S., Bossant M., Chen, G., Dunaeva S., Forrest R. A., Fukahori T., Furutachi N., GanesanS., Ge, Z., Gritzay O.O., Herman M., Hlavač S., Katō K., Lalremruata B., Lee Y. O., Makinaga A., Matsumoto K., Mikhaylyukova M., Pikulina G., Pronyaev V. G., Saxena A., Schwerer O., Simakov S. P., Soppera N., Suzuki R., Takács S., Tao X., Taova S., Tárkányi F., Varlamov V. V., Wang J., Yang S. C., Zerkin V., Zhuang Y., Towards a more complete and accurate experimental nuclear reaction data library (EXFOR): International collaboration between nuclear reaction data centres (NRDC), Nuclear Data Sheets, 120, 272, 2014.
21. Ozdogan H., Uncu Y. A., Sekerci̇ M., Kaplan A., Calculation of double differential neutron cross-sections for the 115In(a,xn) reaction, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 219, 111713, 2025.
22. Özdoğan H., Şekerci M., Kaplan A., Investigation of gamma strength functions and level density models effects on photon induced reaction cross–section calculations for the fusion structural materials 46,50Ti, 51V, 58Ni and 63Cu, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 6-10, 2019.
23. Özdoğan H., Üncü Y. A., Şekerci M., Kaplan A., Calculation of double differential neutron cross-sections of 56Fe and 90Zr isotopes, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 199, 110922, 2023.
24. Özdoğan H., Üncü Y. A., Şekerci M., Kaplan A., Investigation of 209Bi (α,2n)211At reaction route for the production of α-emitter 211At, The European Physical Journal Plus, 139(6), 511, 2024.
25. Sublet J. Ch., Koning A. J., Rochman D., Fleming M., Gilbert M., TENDL-2015: Delivering Both Completeness and Robustness, Advances in Nuclear Nonproliferation Technology and Policy Conference, Sept. 25-30, Santa Fe, NM, USA, 2016.
26. Şekerci M., Nükleer Reaktör Kontrol Çubuklarında Kullanılan Bazı Malzemeler için Farklı Reaksiyon ve Enerjilerde Parçacık Yayınlanma Spektrumu, Durdurma Gücü, Giricilik Mesafesi ve Tesir Kesiti Hesaplamaları, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi (Basılmış), 2018.
27. Şekerci M., Özdoğan H., Kaplan A., Investigation on the Different Production Routes of 67Ga Radioisotope by Using Different Level Density Models, Moscow University Physics Bulletin, 74(3), 277-281, 2019.
28. Üncü Y. A., Özdoğan H., Şekerci M., Kaplan A., Investigation of the production routes of Palladium-103 and Iodine-125 radioisotopes, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2023.
29. Yettou L., Belgaid M., Belouadah N., Preequilibrium models for 58Ni (n, xp) and 60Ni (n, xp) reactions in neutrons at 8, 9, 9.4, 11 and 14.8 MeV using the EMPIRE and TALYS codes, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 193, 110643, 2023.
30. Yiğit M., (n,2n) cross section calculations for tungsten, tantalum and osmium nuclei, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 201, 110999, 2023.
31. Yiğit M., Kara A., Yilmaz A., A study on interactions of 14.7-MeV protons and 3.6-MeV alphas in 93Nb target, Fusion Science and Technology, 80(2), 156-165, 2024.