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Influence of Filler Wire on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gas Tungsten Arc Welded Dissimilar S235JR-SAF 2205 Steel Joint

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 313 - 332, 26.12.2025

Gürel Çam , Çağatay Sümbültepe

https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1758257

Öz

Structural steels and stainless steels are widely used in power plants, boilers, oil and gas refineries and shipbuilding applications, usually under high pressure and temperature conditions. In these applications, structural steels and stainless steels often need to be joined by fusion welding methods. However, welding different steels presents numerous difficulties due to their different physical, chemical and mechanical properties and requires care in the welding process. In this context, the use of appropriate welding parameters and especially the suitable filler wire is of great importance for the successful joining of different steels by fusion welding. In this study, the effects of three different filler wire types on the microstructure and mechanical properties of different S235JR (structural steel) and SAF 2205 (duplex stainless steel) joints produced by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were investigated in detail. For this purpose, 3 mm thick S235JR and SAF 2205 sheets were joined by GTAW process using three different filler wires, namely AWS ER70 S-6, AWS ER309LN and AWS ER316LN. The microstructural changes in the weld zones of the welded joints and their mechanical properties were systematically characterized through detailed optical microscopy analyses and mechanical tests (hardness measurements, tensile, and bending tests). The joints produced with ER 309LN filler wire revealed a strength performance of approximately 100% relative to the S235JR structural steel base plate, whereas the joints fabricated with ER70S-6 and ER316LN filler wires exhibited enhanced strength performances of approximately 110% and 108%, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Duplex stainless steel SAF 2205 Structural steel S235 TIG Dissimilar joining Filler wire Weld performance.

Kaynakça

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Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 313 - 332, 26.12.2025

Gürel Çam , Çağatay Sümbültepe

https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1758257

Öz

Yüksek basınç ve sıcaklık koşulları altında elektrik santrallerinde, kazanlarda, petrol ve gaz rafinerilerinde ve gemi üretim uygulamalarında yapı çelikleri ve paslanmaz çelikler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Sıklıkla bu uygulamalarda yapı çelikleri ile paslanmaz çeliklerin ergitme kaynağı yöntemleri ile birleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak farklı çeliklerin kaynağı farklı fiziksel, kimyasal ve mekanik özelliklerinden dolayı değişik güçlükler arz eder ve kaynak işleminde itina gerektirir. Bu bağlamda, farklı çeliklerin ergitme kaynakları ile başarılı bir şekilde birleştirilmesi için uygun kaynak parametrelerinin ve özellikle de uygun ilave tel kullanımı büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, TIG yöntemi olarak da bilinen, gaz tungsten ark kaynağı (GTAW) ile üretilen farklı S235JR (yapı çeliği) ve SAF 2205 (AISI 318LN) (dubleks paslanmaz çelik) bağlantıların mikro yapı ve mekanik özelliklerine üç farklı dolgu teli tipinin etkisi detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, 3 mm kalınlığında S235JR ve SAF 2205 levhalar, AWS ER70 S-6, AWS ER309LN ve AWS ER316LN olmak üzere üç farklı dolgu teli kullanılarak TIG yöntemi ile birleştirilmiştir. Kaynaklı bağlantıların kaynak bölgelerinde meydana gelen mikroyapısal değişiklikler ve mekanik özellikleri, detaylı optik mikroskop analizleri ve mekanik testler (sertlik ölçümleri, çekme ve eğme testleri) ile sistematik olarak karakterize edilmiştir. ER 309LN dolgu teli ile üretilen bağlantılar, S235JR yapı çeliği ana metale göre yaklaşık %100 mukavemet performansı sergilerken, ER70S-6 ve ER316LN dolgu telleri ile imal edilen bağlantılar sırasıyla yaklaşık %110 ve %108 oranında daha yüksek mukavemet performansı göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dubleks paslanmaz çelik SAF 2205 Yapı çeliği S235 TIG Farklı çelik kaynağı İlave tel Kaynak performansı

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma kapsamında yürütülen metallografi çalışmaları, mikrosertlik ölçümleri ve mekanik testlerin (çekme ve bükme deneyleri) yapılmasındaki desteklerinden dolayı NOKSEL Çelik Boru Sanayi A.Ş., İskenderun’dan Sedat UYSAL (Fabrika Müdürü), Tuğrul YAZGAN (Kalite ve Mekanik Laboratuvar Sorumlusu) ile Mekanik Laboratuvar çalışanı Erhan Zeytun’a teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed M. M. Z., El-Sayed Seleman M. M., Fydrych D., Çam G., A review on friction stir welding of dissimilar Al- and Mg-alloys: Scientometric analysis and strategies for achieving high-quality joints. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 11, 4082–4127, 2023.
  • Arivazhagan N., Singh S., Prakash S., Reddy G. M., Investigation on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel to AISI 4140 low alloy steel dissimilar joints by gas tungsten arc, electron beam and friction welding. Materials & Design 32, 3036–3050, 2011.
  • Arslan M. M., Çam G., Gaz tungsten ark kaynaklı 316L-SAF 2205 paslanmaz çelik bağlantının içyapı ve mekanik özelliklerine ilave tel etkisinin belirlenmesi. TMMOB Makina Mühendisleri Odası, Kaynak Teknolojisi 13. Ulusal Kongre ve Sergisi (KAYKON 2023) içinde. Ankara 2023.
  • Arslan M. M., Çam G., Effect of heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of TIG welded AISI 318LN stainless steel plates. Bulletin of Materials Science & Metallurgy 1(2), 1–10, 2024.
  • Balaji C., Kumar S. V. A., Kumar S. A., Satish R., Evaluation of mechanical properties of SS 316 L weldments using tungsten inert gas welding. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 4, 2053–2057, 2012.
  • BalaSrinivasan P., Muthupandi V., Dietzel W., Sivan V., Microstructure and corrosion behavior of shielded metal arc-welded dissimilar joints comprising duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 15, 758–764, 2006.
  • Çam G., Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı (SKK) – Al-alaşımları için geliştirilmiş yeni bir kaynak teknolojisi. Mühendis ve Makina 46(541), 30–39, 2005.
  • Çam G., Kaynak Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Çam G., Güçlüer S., Çakan A., Serindağ H. T., Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Butt-Welded Al-5086 H32 Plate. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (JAMME) 30(2), 151–156, 2008.
  • Çam G., İpekoğlu G., Küçükömeroğlu T., Aktarer S. M., Applicability of friction stir welding to steels. Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (JAMME) 80(2), 65–85, 2017.
  • Çam G., Koçak M., Dobi D., Heikinheimo L., Siren M., Fracture behaviour of diffusion bonded bimaterial Ti-Al joints. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 2(3), 95–101, 1997.
  • Çam G., Koçak M., dos Santos J. F., Developments in laser welding of metallic materials and characterization of the joints. Welding in the World, 43(2), 13–26, 1999a.
  • Çam G., Ventzke V., dos Santos J. F., Koçak M., Jennequin G., Gonthier-Maurin P., Rivezla, C., Characterization of laser and electron beam welded Al-alloys. Praktische Metallographie 36(2), 59–89, 1999b.
  • Çam G., Yeni Ç., Erim S., Ventzke V., Koçak M., Investigation into properties of laser welded similar and dissimilar steel joints. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 3(4), 177–189, 1998.
  • Charles J., Corrosion resistance properties. I. Alvarez-Armas ve S. Degallaix-Moreuil (Ed.), Duplex Stainless Steels içinde. Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
  • Chaudhari A. N., Dixit K., Bhatia G. S., Singh B., Singhal P., Saxena K. K., Welding behavior of duplex stainless steel AISI 2205: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings 18, 2731–2737, 2019.
  • Chen L., Tan H., Wang Z., Li J. M., Jiang Y., Influence of cooling rate on microstructure evolution and pitting corrosion resistance in the simulated heat-affected zone of 2304 duplex stainless steels. Corrosion Science 58, 168–174, 2012.
  • Dos Santos J., Çam G., Torster F., Insfran A., Riekehr S., Ventzke V., Koçak M., Properties of power beam welded steels, Al- and Ti-alloys: Significance of strength mismatch. Welding in the World 44(6), 42–64, 2000.
  • Ertek Emre H., Kaçar R., Bülbül A., Manisalı B., AISI 316L-AISI 2205 farklı paslanmaz çelik çiftinin kaynak kabiliyeti. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 6(1), 244–256, 2017.
  • Ezer M. A., Cam G., Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel butt joints. European Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences (EJENS) 5(1), 43–51, 2020.
  • Ezer M., Çam G., A Study on microstructure and mechanical performance of gas metal arc welded AISI 304L joints. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 53(9), 1043–1052, 2022.
  • Geng S., Sun J., Guo L., Wang H., Evolution of microstructure and corrosion behavior in 2205 duplex stainless steel GTA-welding joint. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 19, 32–37, 2015.
  • Günen A., Kanca E., Demir M., Çavdar F., Mistikoğlu S., Çam G., Microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welded pure lead. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences (IJEMS) 25(1), 26–32, 2018.
  • Higelin, A., Le Manchet, S., Passot, G., Cisse, S. ve Grocki, J., Heat-affected zone ferrite content control of a duplex stainless steel grade to enhance weldability. Welding in the World 66, 1503–1519, 2022.
  • Hsieh C. C., Lin D. Y., Che M. C., Wu W., Precipitation and strengthening behavior of massive δ-ferrite in dissimilar stainless steels during massive phase transformation. Materials Science and Engineering: A 477(1–2), 328–333, 2008.
  • Hu Y., Shi Y., Wang K., Huang J., Effect of heat input on the microstructure and mechanical properties of local dry underwater welded duplex stainless steel. Materials 16, 2289, 2023.
  • Ibrahim O. H., Ibrahim I. S., Khalifa, T. A. F., Effect of aging on the toughness of austenitic and duplex stainless steel weldments. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 26, 810–816, 2010.
  • İpekoglu G., Çam G., Farklı Al-alaşımı levhaların (AA6061/AA7075) sürtünme karıştırma kaynağına temper durumunun etkisi. Mühendis ve Makina, 53(629), 40–47, 2012.
  • İpekoglu G. Çam G., Formation of weld defects in cold metal transfer arc welded 7075-T6 plates and its effect on joint performance. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering içinde (C. 629) 2019.
  • İpekoglu G., Küçükömeroğlu T., Aktarer S. M., Sekban D. M., Çam G., Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar St37/St52 joints. Materials Research Express 6(4), 46537, 2019.
  • ISO, Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRA (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys 2003.
  • Jambor M., Pokorny P., Trsko L., Optl T., Jackova M., Hutar P., Microstructure and the fatigue crack propagation in the dissimilar low alloy/stainless steel GMAW welded joints. Materials Characterization 191, 112119, 2022.
  • Jeffs S., Douglas R., Beard W., Coleman M., Adams J., Jones T., Poole D., Lancaster R., Characterising the high temperature tensile behaviour of laser powder bed fused duplex stainless steel 2205 using the small punch test. Materials Characterization 189, 111953, 2022.
  • Jiang Y., Sun T., Li J., Xu J., Evaluation of pitting behavior on solution treated duplex stainless steel UNS S31803. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 30, 179–183, 2014.
  • Karlsson L., Welding duplex stainless steels - A review of current recommendations. Welding in the World 56, 65–76, 2012.
  • Kaya Y., S235JR ile S355JR yapı çeliklerinin özlü tel elektrotla mag kaynak yöntemiyle birleştirilebilirliğinin araştırılması. Politeknik Dergisi 21(3), 597–602, 2017.
  • Khaliq U. A., Yusof F., Chen Z., Mohd Isa M. S., Çam G., A comprehensive review on friction stir welding of aluminum with magnesium: A new insight on joining mechanisms by interfacial enhancement. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 27, 4595–4624, 2023.
  • Ku J. S., Ho N. J., Tjong S. C., Properties of electron beam welded SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 63, 770–775, 1997.
  • Küçükömeroğlu T., Aktarer S. M., İpekoğlu G., Çam G., Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded St52 steel joints. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 25(12), 1457–1464, 2018a.
  • Küçükömeroğlu T., Aktarer S. M., İpekoğlu G., Çam G., Mechanical properties of friction stir welded St 37 and St 44 steel joints. Materials Testing 60(12), 1163–1170, 2018b.
  • Küçükömeroğlu T., Aktarer S. M., İpekoğlu G., Çam G., Investigation of mechanical and microstructural properties of friction stir welded dual phase (DP) steel. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 629, 12010, 2019.
  • Küçükömeroğlu T., Şentürk E., Kara L., İpekoğlu G., Çam G., Microstructural and mechanical properties of friction stir welded nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 25(1), 320–326, 2016.
  • Kumar N., Mukharjee M., Bandyopadhyay A., Comparitive study of pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels. Optics and Laser Technology 88, 24–39, 2017.
  • Kumar R., Bhattacharya A., Bera T. K., Mechanical and metallurgical studies in double shielded GMAW of dissimilar stainless steels. Materials and Manufacturing Processes 30(9), 1146–1153, 2015.
  • Lai R., Cai Y., Wu Y., Li F., Hua X., Influence of absorbed nitrogen on microstructure and corrosion resistance of 2205 duplex stainless steel joint processed by fiber laser welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 231, 397–405, 2016.
  • Lippold J. C., Kotecki D. J., Welding metallurgy and weldability of stainless steels. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2005.
  • Miturska I., Rudawska A., Structural factors influence on strength properties of S235JR steel welded joints. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1736, 12004, 2021.
  • Momeni A., Dehghani K., Effect of hot working on secondary phase formation in 2205 duplex stainless steel. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 26, 851–857, 2010.
  • Moteshakker A., Danaee I., Microstructure and corrosion resistance of dissimilar weld-joints between duplex stainless steel 2205 and austenitic stainless steel 316L. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 32, 282–290, 2016.
  • Muthupandi V., BalaSrinivasan P., Shankar V., Seshadri S. K., Sundaresan S., Effect of nickel and nitrogen addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of power beam processed duplex stainless steel (UNS 31803) weld metals. Materials Letters 59, 2305–2309, 2005.
  • Rahmani M., Eghlimi A., Shamanian M., Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar austenitic/super-duplex stainless steel joint. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23, 3745–3753, 2014.
  • Ramdan R., Koswara A., Surasno Wirawan R., Faturohman F., Widyanto B., Suratman R., Metallurgy and mechanical properties variation with heat input, during dissimilar metal welding between stainless and carbon steel. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering içinde (C. 307) 2018.
  • Ramkumar K. D., Bajpai A., Raghuvanshi S., Singh A., Chandrasekhar A., Arivarasu M., Arivazhagan N., Investigations on structure–property relationships of activated flux TIG weldments of super-duplex/austenitic stainless steels. Materials Science and Engineering: A 638, 60–68, 2015a.
  • Ramkumar K. D., Goutham P. S., Radhakrishna V. S., Tiwari A., Anirudh S., Studies on the structure–property relationships and corrosion behaviour of the activated flux TIG welding of UNS S32750. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 23, 231–241, 2016.
  • Ramkumar K. D., Mishra D., Vignesh M. K., Raj B. G., Arivazhagan N., Naren S. V., Kumar S. S., Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded super-duplex stainless steel UNS 32750. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 16, 527–534, 2014.
  • Ramkumar K. D., Singh A., Raghuvanshi S., Bajpai A., Solanki T., Arivarasu M., Arivazhagan N., Narayanan S., Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of dissimilar welds of austenitic stainless steel and super-duplex stainless steel–a comparative study. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 19, 212–232, 2015b.
  • Saravanan S., Raghukandan K., Sivagurumanikandan N., Pulsed Nd: YAG laser welding and subsequent post-weld heat treatment on super duplex stainless steel. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 25, 284–289, 2017.
  • Şenol M., Çam G., Investigation into microstructures and properties of AISI 430 ferritic steel butt joints fabricated by GMAW. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 202, 104926, 2023.
  • Serindağ H. T., Çam G., Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded AISI 430/AISI 304 dissimilar stainless steels butt joints. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1777, 12047, 2021.
  • Serindağ H. T., Çam G., Multi-pass butt welding of thick AISI 316L plates by gas tungsten arc welding: Microstructural and mechanical characterization. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 200, 104842, 2022.
  • Serindağ H. T., Çam G., Characterizations of microstructure and properties of dissimilar AISI 316L/9Ni low alloy cryogenic steel joints fabricated by GTAW. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 32, 7039–7049, 2023.
  • Serindağ H. T., Tardu C., Kirçiçek I. Ö., Çam G., A study on microstructural and mechanical properties of gas tungsten arc welded thick cryogenic 9% Ni alloy steel butt joint. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 37, 1–10, 2022a.
  • Serindağ H. T., Tardu C., Kirçiçek I. Ö., Çam G., Gaz tungsten ark kaynaklı 9Ni kriyojenik çelik bağlantının içyapı ve mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Mühendis ve Makine 63(706), 117–137, 2022b.
  • Shojaati M., Beidokhti B., Characterization of AISI 304/AISI 409 stainless steel joints using different filler materials. Construction and Building Materials 147, 608–615, 2017.
  • Şimşek Çelik E. T., Çelik B. E., Talaş Ş., Weldability of dissimilar 316L and A106 steels with GTAW and SMAW using 309L and Inconel 82 electrodes. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, 13(4), 41–48, 2024.
  • Taban E., Kaluc E., Welding behaviour of duplex and super-duplex stainless steels using laser and plasma arc welding processes. Welding in the World 55, 48–57, 2011.
  • Tang Y., Li W., Zou Y., Wang W., Xu Y., Vairis A., Çam G., Effects of tool rotation direction on microstructure and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy joints by the synergistically double-sided friction stir welding. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 126, 109–123, 2024.
  • Verma J., Taiwade R. V., Effect of welding processes and conditions on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel weldments - A review. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 25, 134–152, 2017.
  • Vinoth Jebaraj, A., Ajaykumar, L., Deepak, C. R. ve Aditya, K. V. V,. Weldability, machinability and surfacing of commercial duplex stainless steel AISI2205 for marine applications – a recent review. Journal of Advanced Research, 8, 183–199, 2017.
  • Wang S., Ma Q., Li Y., Characterization of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welded joint between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR. Materials & Design 32, 831–837, 2011.
  • Xie X. F., Li J. W., Jiang W. C., Dong Z. L., Tu S. T., Zhai X. N., Zhao X., Nonhomogeneous microstructure formation and its role on tensile and fatigue performance of duplex stainless steel 2205 multi-pass weld joints. Materials Science and Engineering: A 786, 139426, 2020.
  • Yang Y., Yan B., Li J., Wang J., The effect of large heat input on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of simulated heat affected zone in 2205 duplex stainless steel. Corrosion Science 53, 3756–3763, 2011.
  • Yavuz H., Çam, G.,. Yeni bir kaynak teknolojisi: Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağı. Endüstri ve Otomasyon, 51, 18–20, 2001.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makine Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gürel Çam 0000-0003-0222-9274

Çağatay Sümbültepe 0009-0002-0765-2776

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çam, G., & Sümbültepe, Ç. (2025). Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, 6(2), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1758257
AMA Çam G, Sümbültepe Ç. Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi. J. Mater. Mechat. A. Aralık 2025;6(2):313-332. doi:10.55546/jmm.1758257
Chicago Çam, Gürel, ve Çağatay Sümbültepe. “Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi”. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 6, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 313-32. https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1758257.
EndNote Çam G, Sümbültepe Ç (01 Aralık 2025) Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 6 2 313–332.
IEEE G. Çam ve Ç. Sümbültepe, “Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi”, J. Mater. Mechat. A, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 313–332, 2025, doi: 10.55546/jmm.1758257.
ISNAD Çam, Gürel - Sümbültepe, Çağatay. “Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi”. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A 6/2 (Aralık2025), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.55546/jmm.1758257.
JAMA Çam G, Sümbültepe Ç. Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi. J. Mater. Mechat. A. 2025;6:313–332.
MLA Çam, Gürel ve Çağatay Sümbültepe. “Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi”. Journal of Materials and Mechatronics: A, c. 6, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 313-32, doi:10.55546/jmm.1758257.
Vancouver Çam G, Sümbültepe Ç. Gaz Tungsten Ark Kaynaklı Benzer Olmayan S235JR-SAF 2205 Çelik Bağlantının İçyapı ve Mekanik Özelliklerine İlave Tel Etkisi. J. Mater. Mechat. A. 2025;6(2):313-32.