İsrail, Hazor-Ashdod Kilisesi’nin Mozaik Zeminleri

Öz

Hazor-Ashdod’da, batısında bir narteks girişi ve kuzey tarafında bir salon yer alan bir bazilika bulunmuştur. Doğu kısmı günümüze kadar kalmamıştır, ancak bir sunak masası bacağının sütun başı asıl yerinden başka bir yerde bulunmuştur. Kompleks, mozaik zeminlerle dekore edilmiştir ve binanın her bir kısmı farklı bir desenle dekore edilmiştir. Mozaik zeminler üzerine yapılan ithaf yazıtları kuzey salonda mozaik zeminin İS 506/507’de, bazilika zeminin ise İS 512’de tamamlandığını göstermektedir.
Bazilikanın nefi, cansız nesneler, hayvanlar ve kuşlar tarafından doldurulmuş bir asma dalları deseninin seçilmesiyle vurgulanmıştır. Döşeme, dinamik, zengin ve motiflerle doludur. Bunun aksine, koridorlar, kolonların araları ve kuzey salonu geometrik döşemelerle dekore edilmiştir.
Özel paneller, nef girişlerini, kuzey koridoru ve kuzey salondaki birinci ve ikinci döşeme arasındaki geçişi işaret eder. Hazor-Ashdod panelleri birkaç haç, Α, Ω, Ι, Χ harfleri ve Hristiyanlık açısından derin ve sembolik önemi olan motifler içerir. Panellerdeki tüm motifler, kiliseye ibadet için giren bir kişinin bakış açısından batıdan doğuya doğru bir yönde tasvir edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hazor-Ashdod
• Gaza Bölgesi
• sarmaşık asma dalları
• haçlar
• Yunan harfleri alfa
• omega
• iota
• chi

The Mosaic Floors of the Church at Hazor-Ashdod, Israel

Öz

A basilica has been found in Hazor-Ashdod, with a narthex in the west and a hall attached on the north side. The eastern part has not survived, but a capital of an altar table leg has been found, not in situ. The complex is decorated with mosaic floors, and each part of the building is decorated with a different pattern. The dedicatory inscriptions on the mosaic floors date completion of the mosaic floor in the northern hall to 506/507 CE, and completion of the basilica floor to 512 CE.
The nave of the basilica is emphasized by the choice of a vine scroll pattern, populated by inanimate objects, animals, and birds. The carpet is dynamic, rich and crowded with motifs. By contrast, the aisles, the intercolumnars, and the northern hall are decorated with geometric carpets.
Special panels mark the entrances to the nave, the northern aisle, and the transition between the first and second carpet in the northern hall. The Hazor-Ashdod panels contain a few crosses, the letters Α, Ω, Ι, Χ, and motifs with deep and symbolic Christian significance. All the motifs in the panels are depicted in one direction – from west to east from the viewpoint of a worshipper entering the church.
The mosaic floor is similar in style, composition and iconography to early 6th century CE mosaic floors in the southern coastal plain, western Negev, and Gaza area. The floor belongs to a group of mosaics made to a moderately high technical standard. The style is schematic and quite flat. The style and technique are uniform throughout the church, and differ from those documented in the neighboring mosaic floors – evidence that they were made by an anonymous artist or a local workshop.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hazor-Ashdod
• Gaza area
• Populated vine scrolls
• Crosses
• The Greek letters alpha
• omega
• chi

Kaynakça

1. Ameling et al. 2014 W. Ameling – A. Ecker – R. Hoyland, Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae. A Multi-lingual corpus of the inscriptions from Alexander to Muhammad, III: South Coast 2161–2648. Berlin, Germany; Boston, Massachusetts.
2. Avi-Yonah 1933a M. Avi-Yonah, “Mosaic floors in synagogues and Christian churches in the Land of Israel”, Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society 2, 9-15.
3. Avi-Yonah 1933b M. Avi-Yonah, “Mosaic Pavements in Palestine”, QDAP 2, 136-181.
4. Avi-Yonah 1934 M. Avi-Yonah, “Mosaic Pavements in Palestine (A Summary)”, QDAP 3, 60-73.
5. Avi-Yonah 1940 M. Avi-Yonah, “Abbreviations in Greek Inscriptions (The Near East, 200 B.C. – A.D. 1100)”, Supplement to QDAP 9.
6. Avi-Yonah 1957 M. Avi-Yonah, “Places of Worship in the Roman and Byzantine Periods”, AntSurv II, 2-3, 262-272.
7. Avi-Yonah 1975 M. Avi-Yonah, “Une école de mosaïque à Gaza au sixième siècle”, LMGR II, 377-383.
8. Avi-Yonah – Ovadiah 1992 M. Avi-Yonah – A. Ovadiah, “Ancient Churches”, E. Stern – A. Gilboa (eds.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. 2. Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society & Carta, 800-806, Hebrew.

9. Bagatti 1983 B. Bagatti, Antichi villaggi cristiani di Giudea e Neghev (SBF, Collectio minor 24), Jerusalem.
10. Balty 1995 J. Balty, “La place des mosaïques de Jordanie au sein de la production orientale”, Mosaïques antiques du Proche-Orient. Chronologie, Iconographie, Interprétation (Centre de Recherches d’Histoire Ancienne 140), Paris, 111-140.
11. Baramki – Avi-Yonah 1934 D. C. Baramki – M. Avi-Yonah, “An Early Christian Church at Khirbat ‘Asida”, QDAP 3, 17-19.
12. Barney et al. 2006 S. A. Barney – W. J. Lewis – J. A. Beach – O. Berghof – M. Hall, The etymologies of Isidore of Seville. Translated with introduction and notes, Cambridge. Baudry 2009 G.-H. Baudry, Les symbols du chrisianisme ancient Ier–VIIe siècle, Milan.
13. Brandenburg 1969 H. Brandenburg, “Christussymbole in frühchristlichen Bodenmosaiken”, RömQSchr 64/1-4, 74-138.
14. Charbonneau-Lassay 1974 L. Charbonneau-Lassay, Le bestiaire du Christ, Milano.
15. Dauphin 1976 C. Dauphin, “A New Method of Studying Early Byzantine Mosaic Pavements (Coding and a Computed Cluster Analysis) with Special Reference to the Levant”, Levant 8, 113-149.
16. Décor I C. Balmelle – M. Blanchard Lemée – J. Christophe – J.-P. Darmon – A.-M. Guimier Sorbets – H. Lavagne – R. Prudhomme – H. Stern, Le Décor Géométrique de la Mosaïque Romaine I, Paris, 1985.
17. Décor II C. Balmelle – M. Blanchard Lemée – J.-P. Darmon – S. Gozlan – M.-P. Raynaud, Le Décor Géométrique de la Mosaïque Romaine II, Paris, 2002.
18. Di Segni 1997 L. Di Segni, Dated Greek Inscriptions from Palestine from the Roman and Byzantine Periods, Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem.
19. Di Segni 2019 L. Di Segni, “The Inscriptions in the Church of Hazor-Ashdod, and Some Observations on the Boundaries of the Territory of Ascalom”, O. Peleg-Barkat – J. Ashkenazi – U. Leibner – M. Aviam – R. Talgam (eds.), Between Sea and the Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks - Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich (Land of Galilee 5), Tzemach: Kinneret Academic College and Ostracon, 41-53.
20. Ferguson 1961 G. W. Ferguson, Signs and Symbols in Christian Art, New York.
21. Feig 2019 N. Feig, “Between Territories: A Byzantine Church at Hazor-Ashdod”, O. Peleg-Barkat – J. Ashkenazi – U. Leibner – M. Aviam – R. Talgam (eds.), Between Sea and the Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks - Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich (Land of Galilee 5). Tzemach: Kinneret Academic College and Ostracon, Hebrew, 87*-97*.
22. French 1994 R. K. French, Ancient Naural History: Histories of Nature, London and New York.
23. Gazit – Lender 1993 D. Gazit – Y. Lender, “The Church of St. Stephen at Horvat Be’er-shem‘a”, Y. Tsafrir (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed. Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 273-276.
24. Habas 2005 L. Habas, The Byzantine Churches of Provincia Arabia: Architectural Structure and their Relationship with the Compositional Scheme and Iconographic Program of Mosaic Pavements, 2 vols., Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Hebrew.
25. Habas 2012 L. Habas, “The Mosaic Pavements and Liturgical Furniture of the Church of Bishop John at Khirbet Baraqa–Gan Yavne”, L. D. Chrupcała (ed.), Christ is Here! Studies in Biblical and Christian Archaeology in Memory of Michele Piccirillo, ofm (SBF, Collectio Maior 52), Milano, 131-146.
26. Habas 2015a L. Habas, “Crosses in the mosaic floors of churches in Provincia Arabia and nearby territories, against the background of the edict of Theodosius II”, JMR 8, 33-60.
27. Habas 2015b L. Habas, “The Discovery of the Mosaics of the Church of Bishop John at Gan Yavne, Israel”, G. Trovabene – A. Bertono (eds.), ATTI XII Colloquio AIEMA, Venezia, 11-15 Settembre 2012 (Association Internationale pour l‘Étude de la Mosaïque Antique), Università Ca‘ Foscari Venezia, Verona, 231-238.
28. Habas 2016a L. Habas, “The Mosaic Floors of the Church at Ozem”, J. Patrich – O. Peleg-Barkat – E. Ben-Yosef (eds.), Arise, Walk through the land. Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Land of Israel in Memory of Yizhar Hirschfeld on the Tenth Anniversary of his Demise. Jerusalem, The Israel Exploration Society, Hebrew, 273-290.
29. Habas 2016b L. Habas, “A Mosaic Floor in the Church of Bishop Johannes at Horbat Barq, Gan Yavne”, Atiqot 84, 90*-126*.
30. Habas 2018 L. Habas, “Early Byzantine Mosaic Floors of the Church at Ozem, Israel”, JMR 11, 97-120.
31. Habas 2019 L. Habas, “The Mosaic floors and Liturgical Furniture of the Church at Hazor-Ashdod”, O. Peleg-Barkat – J. Ashkenazi – U. Leibner – M. Aviam – R. Talgam (eds.), Between Sea and the Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks - Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich (Land of Galilee 5). Tzemach: Kinneret Academic College and Ostracon, Hebrew, 99*-123*.
32. Habas forthcoming L. Habas, “The appearance of crosses in mosaic floors in the churches of Israel, and the edict of Emperor Theodosius II – rule and reality”, A. Coniglio – A. Ricco (eds.), Holy Land: Archaeology on either side, FS Eugenio Alliata (SBF, Collectio Maior 57) Milano.
33. Hachlili 1987 R. Hachlili, “On the Mosaicists of the ‚School of Gaza‘”, Eretz-Israel 19, 46-58.
34. Hachlili 2009 R. Hachlili, Ancient Mosaic Pavements. Themes, Issues, and Trends, Leiden, Boston.
35. Kalof 2007 L. Kalof, Looking at Animals in Human History, University of Chicago.
36. Kitzinger 1970 E. Kitzinger, “The Threshold of the Holy Shrine. Observations on Floor Mosaics at Antioch and Bethleem”, P. Granfield – J. A. Jungmann (eds.), Kyriakon. Festschrift Johannes Quasten, Vol. II. Münster, 639-647.
37. Magen 2012 Y. Magen, “The Central Church at Beit ʿAnun”, N. Carmin (ed.), Christians and Cristianity. IV: Churches and Monasteries in Judea (JSP 16). Jerusalem, Staff Officer of Archaeology, Civil Administration for Judea and Samaria, Israel Antiquities Authority, 121-168.
38. Magen – Aizik 2012 Y. Magen – N. Aizik, “A Late Roman Fortress and a Byzantine Monastery at Deir Qalʿa”, N. Carmin (ed.), Christians and Cristianity. III: Churches and Monasteries in Samaria and Northern Judea (JSP 15). Jerusalem, Staff Officer of Archaeology, Civil Administration for Judea and Samaria, Israel Antiquities Authority, 107-156.
39. Magen – Talgam 1990 Y. Magen – R. Talgam, “The Monastery of Martyrius at Ma’ale Adummim (Khirbet el-Murassas) and its Mosaics”, G. C. Bottini – E. Alliata – L. Di Segni (eds.), Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land. New Discoveries. Essays in Honour of V.C. Corbo, OFM (SBF, Collectio Maior 36), Jerusalem, 91-152.
40. Mango 1986 C. Mango, The Art of the Byzantine 312–1453, Sources and Documents, Canada.
41. Netzer et al. 1993 E. Netzer – R. Birger-Calderon – A. Feller, “The Churches of Herodium”, Y. Tsafrir (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed. Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 219-232.
42. Ovadiah 1969 A. Ovadiah, “Excavations in the Area of the Ancient Synagogue at Gaza (Preliminary Report)”, IEJ 19, 193-198.
43. Ovadiah 1970 A. Ovadiah, Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land. Bonn, Hanstein.
44. Ovadiah 1975 A. Ovadiah, “Les mosaïstes de Gaza dans l’antiquité chrétienne”, RB 82, 552-557.
45. Ovadiah – de Silva 1982 A. Ovadiah – C. G. de Silva, “Supplementum to the Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land. Part II: Updated Material on Churches Discussed in the Corpus”, Levant 14, 122-170.
46. Ovadiah – Ovadiah 1987 R. Ovadiah – A. Ovadiah, Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Mosaic Pavements in Israel (Bibliotheca archaeologica 6), Rome.
47. Patrich 1993 J. Patrich, “Chapels and Hermitages of St. Sabas’ Monastery”, Y. Tsafrir (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed. Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 233-243.
48. Peleg – Batz 2012 Y. Peleg – S. Batz, “A Byzantine Church at Khirbet Istabul (Aristobulias)”, N. Carmin (ed.), Christians and Cristianity. IV: Churches and Monasteries in Judea (JSP 16). Jerusalem, Staff Officer of Archaeology, Civil Administration for Judea and Samaria, Israel Antiquities Authority, 303-326.
49. Pollitt 1986 J. J. Pollitt, Art in Hellenistic Age, Cambridge.
50. Roussin 1985 L. A. Roussin, The Iconography of the Figural Pavements of Early Byzantine Palestine, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, University Microfilms International.
51. Salisbury 2011 J. E. Salisbury, The Beast Within: Animals in the Middle Ages, London.
52. Sofer 1963 R. Sofer, Mosaic Floors in the Land of Israel, 1935–1960, MA thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Hebrew.
53. Talgam 1987 R. Talgam, Stylistic Trends in Israeli Mosaics of the 5th and 6th Centuries, in the Light of Kh. El-Murassas, MA thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Hebrew.
54. Talgam 1998 R. Talgam, “Mosaics in Israel in the Light of Recent Discoveries”, Qadmoniot 116, 74-89.
55. Talgam 2014 R. Talgam, Mosaics of Fait, Floors of Pagans, Jews, Samaritans, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy Land, Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi Press, University Park Pennsylvania.
56. Testini 1985 P. Testini, “Il simbolismo degli animali nell’arte figurativa paleocristiana”, Settimane di studio del centro Italiano di studi sull’alto medioevo 31 - L’uomo di fronte al mondo animale nell’alto medioevo, Spoleto, 7-13 aprile 1983 (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull‘alto Medioevo 31), Spoleto, 1107-1179.
57. Trendall 1957 A. D. Trendall, The Shellal Mosaic, Canberra, Australian War Memorial.
58. Tsafrir et al. 1994 Y. Tsafrir – L. Di Segni – J. Green, Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea – Palaestina. Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods. Maps and Gazetteer, Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
59. Tzaferis 1971 V. Tzaferis, Christian Symbols of 4th Century and the Church Fathers, Ph.D. dissertation, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem.
60. Waliszewski 1994 T. Waliszewski, “La mosaïque de Deir el-‘Asfur retrouvée: Le motif des ‘rinceaux habités’ en Judée et dans la Shéphéla”, RB 101, 562-579.
61. White 1954 T. H. White, The Bestiary: A Book of Beasts. A translation from a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century, New York.
62. Yeivin 1960 S. Yeivin, A Decade of Archaeology in Israel 1948-1958 (Publications de l‘Insitute historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul VIII). İstanbul, Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut in het Nabije Oosten te İstanbul.