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Güney Levant’ta Roma ve Bizans Çağlarında Yularlanmış Olan Ehil ve Evcil Etoburların Betimlendiği Mozaikler

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 11, 79 - 96, 30.11.2018
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.440563

Öz

Köpekler, çitalar ve firavun faresi gibi ehlileştirilmiş ve evcilleştirilmiş etoburların tarihin büyük bir bölümü boyunca farklı toplumlardaki insanlar tarafından av esnasında avın aranması ve kovalanması sırasında kullanıldıkları antropolojik, yazınsal ve resimsel kaynaklar tarafından da onaylanmaktadır. Hayvanlar üzerinde insan iradesinin uygulanabilmesi için yularlar, tasmalar ve koşum takımları gibi hayvanları bağlamaya ve kontrol altında tutmaya yarayan farklı aletler geliştirilmiştir. Bu aletler taşımacılık yapmak, binmek ya da tahtırevan taşımak için kullanılan aletlerden büyük ölçüde farklıdırlar.

Güney Levant’ta, Roma ve Bizans Çağları boyunca, kilise, sinagog ve özel konutların mozaik döşemelerindeki av sahnelerinde bu tür etobur hayvanlar ve bu hayvanları kontrol altında tutabilmek için kullanılan aletler betimlenmiştir. Bu tür betimleri olan sahneler de günümüze kadar günlük yaşamdan kesitler olarak değerlendirilmişlerdir. Bu nedenle bu araştırmada gerçekliğin resme dönüştürülmesindeki mekanizmanın anlaşılmasının yanı sıra mozaiklerde betimlendiği şekliyle avda kullanılan hayvanlar ve ilgili ekipmanlarının seçilmesi, prestij avı ile fayda beklentili av arasındaki farkları ve hayvan sahibinin seçimlerinin ve tercihlerinin arkasında yatan motivasyonları analiz edilecektir.


Kaynakça

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  • Avissar 2001 M. Avissar, “The Representation of Two Merchants Ships on a Late Roman Mosaic Floor in Lod (Lydda), Israel”, Tropis 6, 47–54.
  • Avni - Gorzalczany 2015 G. Avni – A. Gorzalczany (eds.), The Lod Mosaic, a Spectacular Roman Mosaic Floor, New York.
  • Avi-Yonah 1933 M. Avi-Yonah, “Mosaic Pavements in Palestine II”, QDAP 3, 26–73 (plates XIV–XVIII). Reprinted in 1981 in Art in Ancient Palestine, Selected Studies, 319–20. Jerusalem.
  • Avi-Yonah 1960 M. Avi-Yonah, “The Ancient Synagogue of Ma‘on (Nirim), the Mosaic Pavement”, Bulletin of the Rabinowitz Fund for the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues III, 25–36.
  • Bagatti 1952 B. Bagatti, “Il musaico dell’Orfeo a Gerusalemme”, RAC 28, 145-160.
  • Bagatti 1963 B. Bagatti, “Il pavimento musivo di Qabr Hiram (Libano)”, RAC 39, 93-104.
  • Balty 1995 J. Balty, “Le cobra et la mangouste dans les Mosaïques tardives du Proche-Orient”, Mosaïques antiques du Proche-Orient, 217-226.
  • Barchan et al. 1992 D. Barchan – S. G. Kachalsky – D. A. Neumann – Z. Vogel – M. Ovadia – E. Kochva – S. Y. Fuchs, “How the Mongoose Can Fight the Snake: the Binding Site of the Mongoose Acetylcholine Receptor”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89, 7717–21.
  • Ben-Yaacov 1980 R. Ben-Yaacov, The Behavior and Biology of the Mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Israel, Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Tel Aviv University, Hebrew.
  • Ben-Yaacov - Yom-Tov 1983 R. Ben-Yaacov – Y. Yom-Tov, “On the Biology of the Egyptian Mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, in Israel”, Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 48, 34–45.
  • Bertrandy 1987 F. Bertrandy, “Remarques sur le commerce des bêtes sauvages entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Italie (IIe siècle avant J.C., IV siècle ap. J.C.)”, MEFRA 99, 211–41.
  • Blanc 2000 P. Blanc, “La conservation des mosaïqes: Jabaliyah et Deir el-Balach“, J. B. Humber (ed.), Gaza mediterranéenne, histoire et archéologie en Palestine, Saint-Germain-du-Puy, Errance, 127–135.
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  • Gatier 2005 P. L. Gatier, “Les giraffes de Gaza”, C. Saliou (ed.), Gaza dans l’Antiquitέ Tardive. Archéologie, rhétorique et histoire, Actes du Colloque International de Poitiers (6-7 mai 2004), Salerne: Helios, 75-92.
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  • Gorzalczany 2016 A. Gorzalczany, “The Manor from the Late Roman Period at Lod. The Magnificent Mosaics Discovered during the 1996 – 2014 Israel Antiquities Authority Excavations”, A. Shavit- T. Da’adli - Y. Gadot (eds.), Lod “Diospolis — City of God”, Collected Papers on the History and Archaeology of Lod 2, Lod, Tagliot, 81-104.
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Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 11, 79 - 96, 30.11.2018
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.440563

Öz

Tamed and domesticated carnivores such as dogs, cheetahs and mongooses participated as search and chase aids to human hunting in different societies, during most of history, as attested by anthropological, literary or graphic sources. In order to impose human will on the animals, different tethering devices were developed, such as leashes, collars and harnesses. These devices significantly differ from others related to labour e.g. for hauling, riding or carry palanquins.

During the Roman and Byzantine periods in the southern Levant, these animals and their restraining gear were depicted in hunting scenes on mosaic floors of churches, synagogues and private dwellings. These mosaics are discussed as evidence of everyday life. Therefore, this research analyzes the mechanism involved in translation of reality to images, the choice of hunting animals and their respective equipment as motifs represented on the mosaics, the differences between prestige and utilitarian hunts and the motivation behind the animal owner’s choices and preferences.


Kaynakça

  • Albizuri et al. 2011 S. Albizuri – M. Fernández – X. Tomás, “Evidencias sobre el uso del perro en la carga durante el Bronce Inicial en la Península Ibérica: el caso de Can Roqueta ii (Sabadell, Barcelona)”, Archaeofauna 20, 139–155.
  • Avissar 2001 M. Avissar, “The Representation of Two Merchants Ships on a Late Roman Mosaic Floor in Lod (Lydda), Israel”, Tropis 6, 47–54.
  • Avni - Gorzalczany 2015 G. Avni – A. Gorzalczany (eds.), The Lod Mosaic, a Spectacular Roman Mosaic Floor, New York.
  • Avi-Yonah 1933 M. Avi-Yonah, “Mosaic Pavements in Palestine II”, QDAP 3, 26–73 (plates XIV–XVIII). Reprinted in 1981 in Art in Ancient Palestine, Selected Studies, 319–20. Jerusalem.
  • Avi-Yonah 1960 M. Avi-Yonah, “The Ancient Synagogue of Ma‘on (Nirim), the Mosaic Pavement”, Bulletin of the Rabinowitz Fund for the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues III, 25–36.
  • Bagatti 1952 B. Bagatti, “Il musaico dell’Orfeo a Gerusalemme”, RAC 28, 145-160.
  • Bagatti 1963 B. Bagatti, “Il pavimento musivo di Qabr Hiram (Libano)”, RAC 39, 93-104.
  • Balty 1995 J. Balty, “Le cobra et la mangouste dans les Mosaïques tardives du Proche-Orient”, Mosaïques antiques du Proche-Orient, 217-226.
  • Barchan et al. 1992 D. Barchan – S. G. Kachalsky – D. A. Neumann – Z. Vogel – M. Ovadia – E. Kochva – S. Y. Fuchs, “How the Mongoose Can Fight the Snake: the Binding Site of the Mongoose Acetylcholine Receptor”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89, 7717–21.
  • Ben-Yaacov 1980 R. Ben-Yaacov, The Behavior and Biology of the Mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) in Israel, Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Tel Aviv University, Hebrew.
  • Ben-Yaacov - Yom-Tov 1983 R. Ben-Yaacov – Y. Yom-Tov, “On the Biology of the Egyptian Mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, in Israel”, Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 48, 34–45.
  • Bertrandy 1987 F. Bertrandy, “Remarques sur le commerce des bêtes sauvages entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Italie (IIe siècle avant J.C., IV siècle ap. J.C.)”, MEFRA 99, 211–41.
  • Blanc 2000 P. Blanc, “La conservation des mosaïqes: Jabaliyah et Deir el-Balach“, J. B. Humber (ed.), Gaza mediterranéenne, histoire et archéologie en Palestine, Saint-Germain-du-Puy, Errance, 127–135.
  • Bowersock 2015 G. Bowersock, “Introduction”, G. Avni - A. Gorzalczany (eds.), The Lod Mosaic, a Spectacular Roman Mosaic Floor, 12-23.
  • Canivet 1980 P. Canivet, “Le Michaelion de Hūarte (Ve S.) et le culte Syrien des Anges”, Byzantion 50, 85-117.
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  • Canivet - Canivet 1987 M. T. Canivet – P. Canivet, Huarte. sanctuaire chrétien d’Apamène (IVe – VIe s.), Vols. I-II. Paris.
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  • Cohen 1993 R. Cohen, “A Byzantine Church and its Mosaic Floor at Kissufim”, Y. Tsafrir (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed, Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 277-282.
  • Dalali-Amos 2014 E. Dalali-Amos, “Sede Nahum”, HA-ESI, 126. http://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=10583&mag_id=121 [Accessed 12 June 2016].
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  • Dauphin - Edelstein 1993 C. M. Dauphin – G. Edelstein, “The Byzantine Church at Nahariya”, Y. Tsafrir (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 49-53.
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  • Dunbabin 1978 K. M. D. Dunbabin, The Mosaics of Roman North Africa: Studies in Iconography and Patronage, Oxford.
  • Eastman - Blumenschein 1971 C. A. Eastman – E. L. Blumenschein, Indian Boyhood, New York.
  • Epplett 2001 C. Epplett, “The Capture of Animals by the Roman Military”, GaR 48 (20), 210-22.
  • Fischer 1984 K. Fischer, “Training Sled Dogs at Camp Rimini, 1942-1944”, Montana: The Magazine of Western History 34(1),10-19.
  • FitzGerald 1939 G. M. FitzGerald, A Sixth Century Monastery at Beth-Shan (Scythopolis) 4. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology.
  • Frankfort 1989 H. Frankfort, The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, The Pelican History of Art, London.
  • Friedman 1967 J. B. Friedman, “Syncretism and Allegory in the Jerusalem Orpheus Mosaic”, Traditio 23, 1–13.
  • Fugii 2008 S. Fugii. “The Origin of Cheetah Hunting: A new Perspective from Wadi Abu Tulayha in South Jordan”, BAncOrMus 28, 39–53.
  • Gatier 2005 P. L. Gatier, “Les giraffes de Gaza”, C. Saliou (ed.), Gaza dans l’Antiquitέ Tardive. Archéologie, rhétorique et histoire, Actes du Colloque International de Poitiers (6-7 mai 2004), Salerne: Helios, 75-92.
  • Gazit - Lender 1991 D. Gazit – Y. Lender, “Horbat Be’er Shema”, Hadashot Arkheologiyot 96, 35–37.
  • Gazit - Lender 1993 D. Gazit – Y. Lender, “The Church of Stephen at Horvat Be’er-Shema”, Y. Tsafrir (ed.), Ancient Churches Revealed, Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 273-276.
  • Gorzalczany 2015 A. Gorzalczany, “The Roman Manor at Lod”, G. Avni - A. Gorzalczany (eds.), The Lod Mosaic, a Spectacular Roman Mosaic Floor, New York, 38-49.
  • Gorzalczany 2016 A. Gorzalczany, “The Manor from the Late Roman Period at Lod. The Magnificent Mosaics Discovered during the 1996 – 2014 Israel Antiquities Authority Excavations”, A. Shavit- T. Da’adli - Y. Gadot (eds.), Lod “Diospolis — City of God”, Collected Papers on the History and Archaeology of Lod 2, Lod, Tagliot, 81-104.
  • Gorzalczany et al. 2016 A. Gorzalczany – M. Avissar – H. Torge – U. ‘Ad – E. Jakoel – Y. Elisha, “Lod, the Lod Mosaic, Preliminary Report”, HA-ESI 128. http://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=24984&mag_id=124 [Accessed 16 May 2016].
  • Habas 2005 L. Habas, The Byzantine Churches of Provincia Arabia: Architectural Structure and their Relationship with the Compositional Scheme and Iconographic Program of Mosaic Pavements, Ph.D. Diss. The Hebrew University. Vol. 1: Text. Vol. 2: Tables, Illustrations, Bibliography and English Abstract. Jerusalem, Hebrew.
  • Habas 2009 L. Habas, “Camel Caravans and Trade in Exotic Animals in the Mosaics of the Desert Margin”, L. Di Segni - Y. Hirschfeld, J. Patrich - R. Talgam (eds.), Man near a Roman Arch, Studies presented to Prof. Yoram Tsafrir. Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 54–73.
  • Hachlili 2009 R. Hachlili, Ancient Mosaic Pavements, Themes, Issues, and Trends – Selected Studies, Leiden and Boston.
  • Harrison - Bates 1991 D. L. Harrison – P. J.J. Bates, The Mammals of Arabia, Kent, E. Bern.
  • Hendersen 1985 P. Hendersen, The Shellal Mosaic in the Australian War Memorial: Style and Imagery, Canberra, Australian War Memorial.
  • Hendersen 1988 P. Hendersen, The Shellal Mosaic: a Reappraisal, Journal of the Australian War Memorial 12, 35–44.
  • Herrero et al. 2010 J. Herrero – P. Cavallini – F. Palomares, Herpestes ichneumon. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41613/3 [accessed 18 July 2016].
  • Hitti 1927 P. K. Hitti, Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades, Memoirs of Usamah ibn-Munqidh (Kitab al-Itibar), New York.
  • Ikeya 1994 K. Ikeya, “Hunting with Dogs among the San in the Central Kalahati”, African Study Monographs 15, 117–134.
  • Kruk 2001 R. Kruk, “Timotheus of Gaza on Animals in the Arabic Tradition”, Muséon 14, 364.
  • Maraqten 2015 M. Maraqten, “Hunting in Pre-Islamic Arabia in the Light of the Epigraphic Evidence”, ArabAEpigr 26, 208–234.
  • Mendelssohn - Yom-Tov 1999 H. Mendelssohn – Y. Yom-Tov, Fauna Palaestina – Mammalia of Israel, Jerusalem, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
  • Meldgaard 2004 M. Meldgaard, Ancient Harp Seal hunters of Disko Bay: Subsistence and Settlement at the Saqqaq Culture Site Qeqertasussuk (2400-1400 B.C.), West Greenland 89 (Man and Society 30), Copenhagen.
  • Newmyer 2011 S. T. Newmyer, Animals in Greek and Roman Thought: a Sourcebook, London.
  • Ognev 1935 S. I. Ognev, Mammals of the U.S.S.R and Adjacent Countries (trans. 1962 by A. Birron - Z. S. Cole), Jerusalem.
  • Oppenheimer 1988 A. Oppenheimer, “Jewish Lydda in the Roman Era”, Hebrew Union College Annual 59, 115–136.
  • Osborn - Helmy 1980 D. J. Osborn – I. Helmy, The Contemporary Land Mammals of Egypt including Sinai (Fieldiana Zoology 5), Chicago.
  • Ovadiah 1993 A. Ovadiah, Mosaic Art in Ancient Synagogues in Israel from the 4th to the 7th Centuries, Tel Aviv, Hebrew.
  • Ovadiah - Mucznik 1981 A. Ovadiah – S. Mucznik, “Orpheus from Jerusalem – Pagan or Christian Image?”, Jerusalem Cathedra 1, 152–166.
  • Ovadiah - Mucznik 1988 A. Ovadiah – S. Mucznik, “Classical Heritage and Anti-Classical Trends in the Mosaic Pavement of Lydda (Lod)”, Assaph 3, 1–16.
  • Ovadiah - Ovadiah 1987 R. Ovadiah – A. Ovadiah, Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Mosaic Pavements in Israel, Rome.
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Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Makele
Yazarlar

Amir Gorzalczany Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6910-6776

Baruch Rosen Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2350-1441

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

APA Gorzalczany, A., & Rosen, B. (2018). Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant. Journal of Mosaic Research(11), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.440563
AMA Gorzalczany A, Rosen B. Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant. JMR. Kasım 2018;(11):79-96. doi:10.26658/jmr.440563
Chicago Gorzalczany, Amir, ve Baruch Rosen. “Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant”. Journal of Mosaic Research, sy. 11 (Kasım 2018): 79-96. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.440563.
EndNote Gorzalczany A, Rosen B (01 Kasım 2018) Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant. Journal of Mosaic Research 11 79–96.
IEEE A. Gorzalczany ve B. Rosen, “Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant”, JMR, sy. 11, ss. 79–96, Kasım 2018, doi: 10.26658/jmr.440563.
ISNAD Gorzalczany, Amir - Rosen, Baruch. “Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant”. Journal of Mosaic Research 11 (Kasım 2018), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.440563.
JAMA Gorzalczany A, Rosen B. Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant. JMR. 2018;:79–96.
MLA Gorzalczany, Amir ve Baruch Rosen. “Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant”. Journal of Mosaic Research, sy. 11, 2018, ss. 79-96, doi:10.26658/jmr.440563.
Vancouver Gorzalczany A, Rosen B. Tethering of Tamed and Domesticated Carnivores in Mosaics from the Roman and Byzantine Periods in the Southern Levant. JMR. 2018(11):79-96.

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